Vanuatu

We can help you incorporate in Vanuatu

Details Contact Us

Vanuatu Companies Act

REPUBLIC OF VANUATU

COMPANIES ACT

NO. 25 OF 2012

PART 1 PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS

1 Interpretation

In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires:

accounting period, in relation to a company, means a year ending on a balance date of the company and, if as a result of the date of the registration of the company or a change of the balance date of the company, the period ending on that date is longer or shorter than a year, that longer or shorter period is an accounting period;

allot includes but is not limited to sell, issue, assign, and convey; and allotment has a corresponding meaning; arrangement includes a reorganisation of the share capital of a company by the consolidation of shares of different classes, or by the division of shares into shares of different classes, or by both those methods;

assignee means the person to whom the benefit of a registered charge is assigned;

balance date, in relation to a company, means the close of 31 March or of any other date that the directors of the company adopt as the company’s balance date in accordance with any regulations made under this Act;

board and board of directors, in relation to a company, means:

(a)directors of the company who number not less than the required quorum acting together as a board of directors; or

(b)if the company has only 1 director, that director; broadcasting means any transmission of programmes, whether or not encrypted, by radio waves or other means of telecommunication for reception by the public by means of broadcasting receiving apparatus; but does not include any such transmission of programmes:

(a)made on the demand of a particular person for reception only by that person; or

(b)made solely for performance or display in a public place;

company means a company registered or reregistered under this Act;

compromise means a compromise between a company and its creditors, including a compromise:

(a)cancelling all or part of a debt of the company; or

(b)varying the rights of its creditors or the terms of a debt; or

(c)relating to an alteration of a company’s rules that affects the likelihood of the company being able to pay a debt;

court means the Supreme Court of Vanuatu;

court officer means a constable or the Registrar or other officer of the Court;

creditor:

(a)in Division 1 of Part 2 of the Companies (Insolvency and Receiverships) Act No. of 2012 (compromises with creditors) includes:

(i)a person who, in a liquidation, would be entitled to claim that a debt is owing to that person by the company; and

(ii)a secured creditor;

(b)in Division 2 of Part 2 of the Companies (Insolvency and Receiverships) Act No. of 2012 (liquidations):

(i)means a person who, in a liquidation, would be entitled to claim in accordance with Part 2 of Schedule 7 of the Companies (Insolvency and Receiverships) Act No. of 2012 that a debt is owing to that person by the company; and

(ii)includes a secured creditor only:

(A)for the purposes of sections 18, 22, and 55 and clause 5 of Schedule 4 of the Companies (Insolvency and Receiverships) Act No. of 2012; or

(B)to the extent of the amount of any debt owing to the secured creditor in respect of which the secured creditor claims under Part 2 of Schedule 7 of the Companies (Insolvency and Receiverships) Act No. of2012 as an unsecured creditor;

debt security:

(a)means any interest in or right to be paid money that is, or is to be, deposited with, lent to, or otherwise owing by, any person (whether or not the interest or right is secured by a charge over any property); and

(b)includes:

(i)a debenture, debenture stock, bond, note, certificate of deposit, and convertible note; and

(ii)an interest or right that is declared by regulations to be a debt security for the purposes of this Act; and

(iii)a renewal or variation of the terms or conditions of any interest or right or of a security referred to in subparagraph (i) or (ii); but

(c)does not include any interest or right or a security referred to in paragraph (b)(i) or (iii) that is declared by regulations not to be a debt security for the purposes of this Act;

director, in relation to a company:

(a)includes a person occupying the position of director of the company by whatever name called; but

(b)does not include a receiver;

directors has the same meaning as the definitions of board and board of directors;

distribute includes:

(a)make available, publish, and circulate; and

(b)communicate by letter, newspaper, broadcasting, sound recording, television, cinematographic film, video, or any form of electronic or other means of communication;

distribution, in relation to a distribution by a company to a shareholder, means:

(a)the direct or indirect transfer of money or property, other than the company’s own shares, to or for the benefit of the shareholder; or

(b)the incurring of a debt to or for the benefit of the shareholder,

in relation to shares held by that shareholder, whether by means of a dividend, a purchase, redemption or other acquisition of shares, a distribution of indebtedness, or some other means;

document:

(a)means information in written or electronic form, or both; and

(b)includes anything from which information may be reproduced (with or without the aid of anything else);

electronic includes electrical, digital, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, biometric, and photonic;

essential service means:

(a)the retail supply of electricity;

(b)the retail supply of fuel and other similar consumable items necessary for the generation of electricity;

(c)the retail supply of gas;

(d)the supply of water;

(e)telecommunications services;

equity security:

(a)means any interest in or right to a share in, or in the share capital of, a company; and

(b)includes:

(i)a preference share, and company stock; and

(ii)a security that is declared by regulations to be an equity security for the purposes of this Act; and

(iii)a renewal or variation of the terms or conditions of any interest or right or a security referred to in subparagraph (i) or (ii); but

(c)does not include any interest or right or a security referred to in paragraph (b) (i) or (iii) that is declared by regulations not to be an equity security for the purposes of this Act;

financial institution has the same meaning as in section 1 of the Financial Institutions Act [CAP 254];

financial statements, in relation to a company and a balance date, means:

(a)a statement of financial position for the company as at the balance date; and

(b)in the case of:

(i)a company trading for profit, a statement of financial performance for the company in relation to the accounting period ending at the balance date; and

(ii)a company not trading for profit, an income and expenditure statement for the company in relation to the accounting period ending at the balance date; and

(c) if required by regulations made under this Act, a statement of cash flows for the company in relation to the accounting period ending on the balance date; and

(d)any other financial statements in relation to the company or any group of companies of which it is the holding company as may be required by regulations made under this Act; and

(e)any notes or documents giving information relating to the statement of financial position and other statements Government has the same meaning as in the Interpretation Act [CAP 132];

information includes information (whether in its original form or otherwise) that is in the form of a document, a signature, a seal, data, text, images, sound, or speech;

issuer means in relation to an equity security or a debt security, the person on whose behalf any money paid in consideration of the allotment of the security is received;

liquidator means a liquidator appointed under Division 2 of Part 2 of the Companies (Insolvency and Receiverships) Act 2012;

major transaction has the meaning set out in subsection 49(2);

model rules means the model rules of incorporation set out in Schedules 1, 2, 3 or, 4;

money includes money’s worth;

Minister means the Minister responsible for the administration of this Act;

offer includes an invitation, and any proposal or invitation to make an offer, and to offer has a corresponding meaning;

onerous property means:

(a) an unprofitable contract; or

(b) property of the company that is unsaleable, or not readily saleable, or which may give rise to a liability to pay money or perform an onerous act;

overseas company means a corporation that is incorporated outside Vanuatu, whether or not it is registered under Part 10;

person includes a corporation sole, a company or other body corporate (whether incorporated in Vanuatu or elsewhere), an unincorporated body of persons, a public body, and a Government department;

preferential claim means a claim referred to in Part 3 of Schedule 7 of the Companies (Insolvency and Receiverships) Act 2012 (except clause 15 of that Schedule);

prescribed form means a form prescribed by regulations or, if no form is prescribed by regulations, a form approved by the Registrar;

private company means a company that is registered as a private company on the Vanuatu register;

property includes:

(a) real and personal property; and

(b) an estate or interest in real or personal property; and

(d) any thing in action; and

(e) any other rights, interests, and claims of any kind in relation to property;

proponent means a person who proposed a compromise in accordance with Division 1 of Part 2 of the Companies (Insolvency and Receiverships) Act No. of 2012;

public company means a company that is registered as a public company on the Vanuatu register;

public notice means where, pursuant to this Act, public notice must be given of any matter affecting a company, that notice must be given by publishing a notice of the matter:

(a) in at least one issue of the Gazette; and

(b) on an Internet site maintained by or on behalf of the Registrar for a period of not less than 20 working days.

receiver means a receiver, or a manager, or a receiver and manager in respect of any property appointed:

(a) by or under any deed or agreement; or

(b) by the Court in the exercise of a power conferred on the Court or in the exercise of its inherent jurisdiction, whether or not the person appointed is empowered to sell any of the property in receivership, but does not include a mortgagee who, whether personally or through an agent, exercises a power:

(i) to receive income from mortgaged property; or

(ii) to enter into possession or assume control of mortgaged property; or

(iii) to sell or otherwise alienate mortgaged property; or

registered document means a document:

(a) that forms part of any of the registers referred to in section 188

(b) details of which have been entered in any device or facility referred to in subsection 188(2);

registered office, in relation to a company, has the meaning set out in section 17;

Registrar means the Registrar of Companies appointed under section 170;

shareholder means a person whose name is entered on the share register of a company as the holder of 1 or more shares in the company;

signature means either the name of a person affixed with his or her own hand on a document, or, in the case of a document submitted to the registry via electronic means, the name of the person affixed to the document by a method deemed acceptable by the Registrar;

solvency test means the solvency test referred to in section 5 of this Act;

special resolution means a resolution:

(a) approved in accordance with section 51; or

(b) approved at a meeting of shareholders called to consider that resolution on not less than 10 working days’ notice:

(i) by a majority of 75% (or such higher majority as may be specified in the rules) of the votes of shareholders entitled to vote and voting on the question; and

(ii) in accordance with any additional requirements specified in the rules in respect of such resolutions;

subscribe includes purchase and contribute to, whether by way of cash or otherwise; and “subscription” and “subscriber” have corresponding meanings;

subscriber in relation to an offer of securities, means a person who subscribes for the securities;

telecommunications services:

(a) means the conveyance by electromagnetic means from 1 device to another of any encrypted or non-encrypted sign, signal, impulse, writing, image, sound, instruction, information, or intelligence of any nature, whether for the information of any person using the device or not; but

(b) does not include any conveyance that constitutes broadcasting;

Vanuatu register means the register kept by the Registrar under section 188;

working day means a day of the week other than:

(a) Saturday and Sunday; and

(b) a day that is defined as, or declared to be, a public holiday under the Public Holidays Act [CAP 114];

writing includes representing or reproducing words, figures, or symbols:

(a) in a visible and tangible form by any means and in any medium;

(b) in a visible form in any medium by electronic means that enables them to be stored in permanent form and be retrieved and read.

2 Meaning of subsidiary

(1) For the purposes of this Act, a company is a subsidiary of another company if, but only if:

(a) that other company:

(i) controls the composition of the board of the company; or

(ii) is in a position to exercise, or control the exercise of, more than one-half the maximum number of votes that may be exercised at a meeting of the company; or

(iii) holds more than one-half of the issued shares of the company, other than shares that carry no right to participate beyond a specified amount in a distribution of either profits or capital; or

(iv) is entitled to receive more than one-half of every dividend paid on shares issued by the company, other than shares that carry no right to participate beyond a specified amount in a distribution of either profits or capital; or

(b) the company is a subsidiary of a company that is that other company’s subsidiary.

(2) In subsection (1), company includes a corporation.

3 Meaning of holding company

(1) For the purposes of this Act, a company is another company’s holding company if that other company is its subsidiary.

(2) In subsection (1), company includes a corporation.

4 Meaning of related company

(1) For the purposes of this Act, a company is related to another company if:

(a) the other company is its holding company or subsidiary; or

(b) more than half of the issued shares of the company, other than shares that carry no right to participate beyond a specified amount in a distribution of either profits or capital, is held by the other company and companies related to that other company (whether directly or indirectly, but other than in a fiduciary capacity); or

(c) more than half of the issued shares, other than shares that carry no right to participate beyond a specified amount in a distribution of either profits or capital, of each of them is held by members of the other (whether directly or indirectly, but other than in a fiduciary capacity); or

(d) the businesses of the companies have been so carried on that the separate business of each company, or a substantial part of it, is not readily identifiable; or

(e) there is another company to which both companies are related; and related company has a corresponding meaning.

(2) In subsection (1), company includes a corporation.

5 Solvency test

(1) For the purposes of this Act, a company satisfies the solvency test if:

(a) the company is able to pay its debts as they become due in the normal course of business; and

(b) the value of the company’s assets is not less than the value of its liabilities.

(2) A person required to consider whether a company satisfies the solvency test in subsection (1) may have regard to:

(a) financial statements prepared on the basis of accounting practices and principles that are reasonable in the circumstances; and

(b) valuations of assets or liabilities; and

(c) such other information in relation to the financial position of the company as is reasonable in all the circumstances.

(3) If the rules of a company provide for a solvency margin that must be maintained by the company, paragraph (1)(b) applies in relation to that company as if that solvency margin were a liability of the company, except where the surplus assets of the company are being distributed:

(a) in a liquidation; or

(b) before the removal of the company from the Vanuatu register.

PART 2 INCORPORATING NEW COMPANIES

Division 1 Method of Incorporation

6 Application for registration

(1) Any person may, either alone or together with another person, apply for registration of a company under this Act.

(2) An application for registration of a company must be made to the Registrar in the prescribed form.

(3) An application for registration of a company must specify:

(a) the name of the company, which must comply with section 10; and

(b) whether the company is a private company, a public company or a community company; and

(c) whether the rules of the company differ from the model rules set out in Schedule 1 (in the case of a private company) or Schedule 2 (in the case of a single shareholder company) or Schedule 3 (in the case of a public company) or Schedule 4 (in the case of a community company); and

(d) the full name, physical address and postal address of each director of the proposed company; and

(e) whether each person named as a director of the company has consented to act as a director of the company; and

(f) where a company is appointed as a director, the full name, physical address and postal address of each director; and

(g) the full name of every shareholder of the proposed company, and the number of shares to be issued to every shareholder; and

(h) the registered office of the proposed company; and

(i) the postal address of the company, which may be the registered office or any other postal address; and

(j) in the case of a community company, a statement describing the community interest.

(4) An application for registration must be accompanied by:

(a) a copy of the company rules if they differ from the model rules; and

(b) the prescribed fee.

7 Certificate of incorporation

As soon as the Registrar receives an application for registration that complies with section 6, the Registrar must:

(a) enter the company on the Vanuatu register; and

(b) issue a certificate of incorporation in respect of the company.

8 Effect of incorporation

(1) A certificate of incorporation of a company is conclusive evidence that:

(a) all the requirements of this Act as to incorporation have been complied with; and

(b) on and from the date of incorporation stated in the certificate, the company is incorporated under this Act.

(2) A company incorporated under this Act is a legal entity in its own right separate from its shareholders, and continues in existence until it is dissolved.

**9 Registration as private company, public company or community company **

(1) A company may be registered as a private company if:

(a) its rules prohibit it from offering its securities to the public; and

(b) its rules restrict the number of shareholders in the company to not more than 50; and

(2) A company that is not registered as a private company or a community company is a public company.

(3) A public company may apply to the Registrar to be registered as a private company if:

(a) the company meets the requirements in subsection (1); and

(b) the application has been approved by shareholders by special resolution; and

(4) If a public company applies to the Registrar under subsection (3), the Registrar must:

(a) amend the registration of the company accordingly; and

(b) issue a new certificate of incorporation for the company in the prescribed form.

(5) A private company may apply to the Registrar to be registered as a public company, with the approval of shareholders by special resolution.

(6) A private company must apply to be registered as a public company if it ceases to meet the requirements in subsection (1).

(7) The Registrar must register the company as a public company, and issue a new certificate of incorporation for the company in the prescribed form if:

(a) an application is made to the Registrar in accordance with subsections (5) or (6); or

(b) it comes to the Registrar’s attention that a private company has ceased to satisfy the requirements of subsection (1); and

(8) A private company may be registered as a community company under this section where the company has as its principal objective the promotion of the community interest.

Division 2 Names

10 Name of company

(1) The name of a company must end with the word “Limited” or “Ltd”.

(2) If the company is a community company the name of the company must end with the words “Community Company Limited”.

(3) The Registrar must not register a company with a name:

(a) that is identical or almost identical to the name of another company; or

(b) the use of which would contravene any enactment in relation to the use of names.

11 Change of name

(1) An application to change the name of a company must be:

(a) in the prescribed form; and

(b) signed by a director of the company; and

(2) An application to change the name of a company is not an amendment of the rules of the company for the purposes of this Act.

(3) As soon as the Registrar receives a properly completed application under this section that complies with subsection (1) and with the requirements in section 10, the Registrar must:

(a) enter the new name of the company on the Vanuatu register; and

(b) issue an amended certificate of incorporation for the company recording the change of name of the company.

(4) A change of name of a company:

(a) takes effect from the date specified in the certificate issued under subsection (3); and

(b) does not affect rights or obligations of the company, or legal proceedings by or against the company.

(5) Legal proceedings that might have been continued or commenced against the company under its former name may be continued or commenced against it under its new name.

12 Direction to change name

(1) If the Registrar believes on reasonable grounds that a company has been registered under a name that contravenes section 10 at the time of registration, the Registrar may serve written notice on the company to change its name by a date specified in the notice that is not less than 20 working days after the date on which the notice is served.

(2) If the company does not change its name within the period specified in the notice, the Registrar may enter on the Vanuatu register:

(a) in the case of a private or public company, a new name for the company in the form “Number x Company Limited”; or

(b) in the case of a community company a new name for the company in the form “Number x Community Company Limited”,

where “x” is a unique number assigned to the company by the Registrar for this purpose.

(3) If the Registrar registers a new name under subsection (2):

(a) the Registrar must issue an amended certificate of incorporation for the company recording the new name of the company; and

(b) subsection 11(4) applies in relation to the registration of the new name as if the name of the company had been changed under section 11.

13 Use of company name

(1) A company must ensure that its name is clearly stated in:

(a) every written communication sent by, or on behalf of, the company; and

(b) every document issued or signed by, or on behalf of, the company that evidences or creates a legal obligation of the company.

(2) If:

(a) a document that evidences or creates a legal obligation of a company is issued or signed by or on behalf of the company; and

(b) the name of the company is not correctly stated in the document,:

every person who issued or signed the document is liable to the same extent as the company if the company fails to discharge the obligation.

(3) Subsection (2) does not apply if:

(a) the person who issued or signed the document proves that the person in whose favour the obligation was incurred was aware at the time the document was issued or signed that the obligation was incurred by the company; or

(b) the Court is satisfied that it would not be just and equitable for the person who issued or signed the document to be so liable.

(4) If, within the period of 12 months immediately before a company gives public notice of any matter, the name of the company was changed, the company must ensure that the notice states:

(a) that the name of the company was changed in that period; and

(b) the former name or names of the company.

Division 3 Company rules

14 Adoption and alteration of rules

(1) A company may adopt rules at the time of its incorporation by:

(a) in the case of model rules set out in Schedules 1, 2, 3, or 4 indicating in its application for incorporation that it wishes to adopt those model rules as its rules; or

(b) stating that a copy of the rules of the company, if they differ from the model rules, are held and are available for inspection at the company’s registered office.

(2) Subject to any restrictions in its rules, a company may, by special resolution, adopt new rules or alter its rules.

(3) Within 10 working days of the adoption of new rules by a company, or the alteration of the rules of a company, as the case may be, the company must deliver a notice in the prescribed form to the Registrar for registration.

15 Model rules

(1) The model rules set out in Schedule 1 have effect as the rules of a private company except to the extent that the company has:

(a) adopted the model rules set out in another schedule as its rules; or

(b) adopted rules that exclude, or modify, or are inconsistent with, the model rules.

(2) The model rules set out in Schedule 2 have effect as the rules of a single shareholder company except to the extent that the company has:

(a) adopted the model rules set out in another schedule as its rules; or

(b) adopted rules that exclude, or modify, or are inconsistent with, the model rules.

(3) The model rules set out in Schedule 3 have effect as the rules of a public company except to the extent that the company has:

(a) adopted the model rules set out in another schedule as its rules; or

(b) adopted rules that exclude, or modify, or are inconsistent with, the model rules.

(4) The model rules set out in Schedule 4 have effect as the rules of a community company except to the extent that the company has:

(a) adopted the model rules set out in another schedule as its rules; or

(b) adopted rules that exclude, or modify, or are inconsistent with, the model rules.

(5) A company may resolve to adopt the model rules in Schedules 1, 2, 3, or 4 as its rules in accordance with paragraph 14(1)(a).

16 Contents and effect of rules

(1) The rules of a company may contain:

(a) matters contemplated by this Act for inclusion in the rules of a company:

(b) any other matters that the company wishes to include in its rules.

(2) Subject to subsection (3):

(a) the rules of a company have effect and may be enforced as if they constituted a contract:

(i) between the company and its shareholders; and

(ii) between the company and each director; and

(b) the shareholders and directors of a company have the rights, powers, duties, and obligations set out in the rules of the company.

(3) The rules of a company are of no effect to the extent that they are inconsistent with this Act.

Division 4 Registered office and postal address

17 Registered office and postal address

(1) A company must always have a registered office and postal address in Vanuatu

(2) Subject to section 18,:

(a) the registered office of a company at a particular time is the place that is described as its registered office on the Vanuatu register at that time; and

(b) the postal address of a company at a particular time is the place that is described as its postal address on the Vanuatu register at that time.

(3) The description of the registered office of a company must indicate the location of the registered office in enough detail to enable the registered office to be readily identified for the purposes of this Act.

18 Change of registered office and postal address

(1) Subject to the company’s rules and to subsection (3), the directors of a company may change the registered office and postal address of the company at any time.

(2) Notice in the prescribed form of the change must be given to the Registrar for registration.

(3) The change in the registered office or postal address, as the case may be, takes effect on the later of:

(a) the date that is 5 working days after the notice is received by the Registrar; or

(b) any date specified in the notice as the date on which the change is to be effective.

PART 3 SHARES

Division 1 General

19 Legal nature of shares

A share in a company is personal property.

20 No nominal value

(1) A share must not have a nominal or par value.

(2) Nothing in subsection (1) prevents the issue by a company of a redeemable share.

21 Minimum number of shares

A company must have at least 1 issued share.

22 Rights and powers attached to shares

(1) Subject to section 167 and the rules of the company and the terms on which it is issued, a share in a company confers on the holder:

(a) the right to 1 vote on a poll at a meeting of the company on any resolution, including any resolution to:

(i) appoint or remove a director or auditor;

(ii) adopt new rules;

(iii) alter the company’s rules;

(iv) approve a major transaction;

(v) approve registration of a public company as a private company, or of a private company as a public company;

(vi) put the company into liquidation;

(vii) approve the transfer of registration of the company to another country;

(b) the right to an equal share in dividends paid by the company;

(2) Subject to its rules, a company may issue different classes of shares.

(3) Without limiting subsection (2), shares in a company may:

(a) be redeemable; or

(b) confer preferential rights to distributions of capital or income; or

(d) not confer voting rights.

23 Shares must not impose liabilities on holder

(1) A company must not issue a share that is partly paid, or that otherwise imposes any liability to make a payment to the company on its holder.

(2) Nothing in subsection (1):

(a) prevents a company from attaching conditions, limits, or restrictions to the rights and powers attached to the share; or

(b) prevents a company from issuing a share on credit terms that provide for a liability to make future payments to the company on the part of the person to whom it is first issued.

Division 2 Issue of shares

24 Issue of initial shares

A company must immediately after the registration of the company, issue to any person named in the application for registration as a shareholder the number of shares specified in the application as being the number of shares to be issued to that person or those persons:

25 Issue of other shares

(1) A company may issue shares:

(a) in accordance with its rules; or

(b) with the approval of all shareholders under section 50.

(2) A company must deliver to the Registrar for registration, within 10 working days of the issue of any shares, a notice in the prescribed form of the issue of the shares by the company.

(3) If the rights attached to the shares are not set out in full in the rules, the notice must be accompanied by a document setting out the terms of issue of the shares.

(4) If a company fails to comply with subsection (2), the director of the company, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

26 Time of issue of shares

A share is issued when the name of the holder is entered on the share register.

Division 3 Distributions—general

27 Distributions prohibited unless solvency test satisfied

Subject to Section 167 a company must not make a distribution to shareholders unless there are reasonable grounds for believing that, after that distribution is made, the company will satisfy the solvency test.

28 Recovery of improper distributions

(1) A distribution made to a shareholder in breach of sections 27, 29, or 30 may be recovered by the company from the shareholder unless:

(a) the shareholder received the distribution in good faith and without knowledge of the company’s breach of sections 27, 29, or 30, as the case may be; and

(b) the shareholder has altered the shareholder’s position in reliance on the validity of the distribution; and

(2) If a distribution has been made in breach of section 27, any person who authorised the making of the distribution at a time when that person knew, or ought to have known, that the distribution did not comply with section 27 is liable to repay to the company so much of that distribution as is not reasonably recoverable from the recipients under subsection (1).

(3) If, in an action brought under this section, the Court is satisfied that the company could, by making a distribution of a lesser amount, have satisfied the requirements of section 27, the Court may permit a shareholder to retain, or excuse a person who authorised the distribution from liability in respect of, an amount equal to the value of any distribution that could properly have been made.

Division 4 Dividends

29 Dividends

(1) Subject to sections 27 and 167 and to subsection (2), a company may pay a dividend to shareholders if, and only if, that dividend is authorised:

(a) by all shareholders under section 50; or

(b) if the company’s rules so provide, by the directors.

(2) A dividend authorised by the directors must comply with any conditions or restrictions set out in the rules.

(3) Subject to its rules and to the terms of issue of any share, a company must not pay a dividend:

(a) in respect of some, but not all, shares; or

(b) that is of a greater value per share in respect of some shares than of others.

(4) Subsection (3) does not apply if the payment of that dividend in that manner is approved by all shareholders under section 50.

(5) In this section, dividend means any distribution other than:

(a) a distribution by way of repurchase or redemption of shares; or

(b) a distribution of the surplus assets of the company in a liquidation.

Division 5 Acquisition of own shares

30 Company may acquire its own shares

(1) A company may acquire its own shares only:

(a) in accordance with subsection (2) or section 54; and

(b) subject to section 27.

(2) A company may acquire its own shares by agreement with a shareholder:

(a) in accordance with its rules; or

(b) with the approval of all shareholders under section 50.

(3) A company must deliver to the Registrar for registration, within 10 working days of the acquisition of any shares, a notice in the prescribed form of the acquisition of the shares by the company.

(4) The notice required under subsection (3) must also be sent to each shareholder within 20 working days of the acquisition of the shares if an acquisition of shares by a company does not result from an offer made to all shareholders that:

(a) would, if accepted, leave unaffected relative voting and distribution rights; and

(b) affords a reasonable time for acceptance of the offer.

(5) If a company fails to comply with subsections (3) or (4), the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

31 Cancellation of shares acquired by company

(1) If a company acquires its own shares, those shares are deemed to be cancelled immediately on acquisition unless the rules of the company expressly provide otherwise.

(2) If a company acquires its own shares and the rules provide that those shares are not cancelled on acquisition, the rights attached to those shares may not be exercised by or against the company at any time at which it would, apart from this section, be entitled to:

(a) exercise those rights; or

(b) give directions to the holder of those shares as to the manner in which any of those rights should be exercised.

(3) For the purposes of this section, a company acquires a share at the time at which it would, apart from this section, become entitled to:

(a) exercise the rights attached to that share; or

(b) give directions to the holder of that share as to the manner in which any rights attached to that share should be exercised.

32 Enforcement of contract to repurchase shares

(1) A contract with a company providing for the acquisition by the company of its shares is specifically enforceable against the company except to the extent that performance would breach section 27.

(2) The company has the burden of proving that performance of the contract would breach section 27.

(3) Until the company has fully performed a contract referred to in subsection (1), the other party to the contract retains the status of a claimant entitled to be paid as soon as the company is lawfully able to do so or, before the dissolution of the company, is to be ranked subordinate to the rights of creditors but in priority to the other shareholders.

Division 6 Redeemable shares

33 Redeemable shares

(1) For the purposes of this Act, a share is redeemable if the rules or the terms of issue of the share make provision for the redemption of that share by the company:

(a) at the option of the company; or

(b) at the option of the holder of the share; or

(d) specified; or

(e) to be calculated by reference to a formula; or

(f) required to be fixed by a suitably qualified person who is not associated with, or interested in, the company.

(2) To avoid doubt, the auditor of a company is not associated with, or interested in, the company for the purposes of paragraph (1)(f).

34 Redemption of redeemable shares

(1) A company must redeem a redeemable share in accordance with its rules and the terms of issue of the share, except to the extent that the company would, by doing so, breach section 27.

(2) The company has the burden of proving that redemption of a share would breach section 27.

(3) Until the company has fully redeemed a share in accordance with subsection (1), the former holder of the share retains the status of a claimant entitled to be paid as soon as the company is lawfully able to do so or, before the removal of the company from the Vanuatu register, to be ranked subordinate to the rights of creditors but in priority to the other shareholders.

(4) Redeemable shares are deemed to be cancelled immediately on the date on which the rules or their terms of issue provide for them to be redeemed, unless the rules or terms of issue provide otherwise.

(5) A company must deliver to the Registrar for registration, within 10 working days of the redemption of any shares, a notice in the prescribed form of the redemption of the shares by the company.

(6) If a company fails to comply with subsection (5), the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT5,000.

Division 7 Assistance by company in purchase of its own shares

35 Financial assistance

Except in the case of a community company as described in Part 12 of this Act, a company may give financial assistance to a person for the purpose of, or in connection with, the purchase of a share issued or to be issued by the company, whether directly or indirectly, only if:

(a) the company gives the assistance in the normal course of its business and on usual terms and conditions; or

(b) the giving of the assistance is authorised by the directors or by all shareholders under section 50, and:

(i) there are reasonable grounds for believing that, after providing the assistance, the company will satisfy the solvency test; and

(ii) the company complies with any conditions or restrictions in its rules.

Division 8 Cross-holdings

36 Cross-holdings

(1) Subject to this section, a subsidiary must not hold shares in its holding company.

(2) An issue of shares by a holding company to its subsidiary is void and of no effect.

(3) A transfer of shares in a holding company to its subsidiary is void and of no effect.

(4) If a company that holds shares in another company becomes a subsidiary of that other company, the subsidiary:

(a) may, despite subsection (1), continue to hold those shares; but

(b) may not exercise any voting rights or other rights attaching to those shares, other than rights to receive distributions and to receive notices and other information from the company.

(5) This section does not prevent a subsidiary holding shares in its holding company in its capacity as a personal representative or a trustee unless the holding company or another subsidiary has a beneficial interest under the trust other than an interest that arises by way of security for the purposes of a transaction made in the ordinary course of the business of lending money.

(6) This section applies to a nominee for a subsidiary in the same way as it applies to the subsidiary.

Division 9 Transfer of shares

37 Transfer of shares

(1) Subject to any limitation or restriction on the transfer of shares in the rules, a share in a company is transferable.

(2) A share is transferred by entry in the share register in accordance with section 39.

(3) The personal representative of a deceased shareholder may transfer a share even though the personal representative is not a shareholder at the time of transfer.

(4) A company must deliver to the Registrar for registration within 10 working days of the transfer of any shares, a notice in the prescribed from of the transfer of the shares in the company.

(5) If a company fails to comply with subsection (4), the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT5,000.

38 Transfer of shares by operation of law

(1) Subject to subsection (2), shares in a company may pass by operation of law despite anything in the rules of the company.

(2) The rules of a company may provide that, if a share passes by operation of law, the voting rights attached to that share cease to be exercisable until it is transferred in accordance with the rules of the company.

Division 10 Share register

39 Company to maintain share register

(1) A company must maintain a share register that records the shares issued by the company and states:

(a) the names, alphabetically arranged, and the last known address of each person who is, or has within the last 7 years been, a shareholder; and

(b) the number of shares of each class held by each shareholder within the last 7 years; and

(c) the date of any issue of shares to, repurchase or redemption of shares from, or transfer of shares by or to, each shareholder within the last 7 years, and in relation to the transfer, the name of the person to and from whom the shares were transferred.

(2) The share register must be kept:

(a) in a form permitted under section 114; and

(b) at the registered office of the company.

(3) The share register of the company may be maintained by an agent on behalf of the company.

(4) If a company fails to comply with the requirements of this section the company is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

40 Share register as evidence of legal title

(1) Subject to section 41, the entry of the name of a person in the share register as holder of a share is evidence that legal title to the share vests in that person.

(2) A company must treat the registered holder of a share as the only person entitled to:

(a) exercise the right to vote attaching to the share; and

(b) receive notices; and

(d) exercise the other rights and powers attaching to the share.

41 Power of Court to rectify share register

(1) If the name of a person is wrongly entered in, or omitted from, the share register of a company, the person aggrieved, or a shareholder, may apply to the Court for rectification of the share register, or compensation for loss sustained, or both.

(2) The Court may, on an application under this section, order:

(a) rectification of the register; or

(b) payment of compensation by the company for any loss sustained; or

(3) The Court may, on an application under this section, decide:

(a) a question relating to the entitlement of a person who is a party to the application to have his or her name entered in, or omitted from, the register; and

(b) a question necessary or expedient to be decided for rectification of the register.

42 Trusts not to be entered on register

No notice of a trust, whether express, implied, or constructive, may be entered on the share register.

43 Registration of personal representative or receiver of bankrupt

(1) Despite section 42, but subject to section 38, a personal representative of a deceased person whose name is registered in a share register of a company as the holder of a share in that company is entitled to be registered as the holder of that share as personal representative.

(2) Despite section 42, but subject to subsection 38(2), the receiver of the property of an insolvent natural person registered in a share register of a company as the holder of a share in that company is entitled to be registered as the holder of that share as the receiver of the property of that person.

(3) The registration of a trustee, executor, administrator, or of a receiver under this section does not constitute notice of a trust.

(4) For the purposes of this section, receiver means a person in whom the property of an insolvent natural person is vested pursuant to insolvency legislation applicable to that natural person.

Division 11 Share certificates

44 Share certificates

(1) A shareholder may apply to the company for a share certificate relating to some or all of the shareholder’s shares in the company.

(2) On receipt of an application for a share certificate under subsection (1), the company must, within 20 working days after receiving the application,:

(a) if the application relates to some but not all of the shares, separate the shares shown in the register as owned by the applicant into separate parcels; 1 parcel being the shares to which the share certificate relates, and the other parcel being any remaining shares; and

(b) in all cases send to the shareholder a certificate stating:

(i) the name of the company; and

(ii) the class of shares held by the shareholder; and

(iii) the number of shares held by the shareholder to which the certificate relates.

(3) If a share certificate has been issued, a transfer of the shares to which it relates must not be registered by the company unless the form of transfer is accompanied by:

(a) the share certificate relating to the shares; or

(b) evidence as to its loss or destruction and, if required, an indemnity in a form required by the board.

(4) If shares to which a share certificate relates are to be transferred, and the share certificate is sent to the company to enable the registration of the transfer, the share certificate must be cancelled and no further share certificate issued except at the request of the transferee.

(5) If a company fails to comply with subsection 44(2) the company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT 5,000.

PART 4 SHAREHOLDERS

Division 1 General

**45 Every company must have at least 1 shareholder **

A company must, at all times, have at least 1 shareholder.

**46 Liability of shareholders **

(1) A shareholder is not liable for an obligation of the company by reason only of being a shareholder.

(2) The liability of a shareholder to the company is limited to:

(a) any liability to repay a distribution that is recoverable under section 28;

(b) any liability under section 72.

(3) This section does not affect the liability of a shareholder to a company under a contract (including a contract for the issue of shares) or liability incurred in any other capacity (including as a director of the company) or liability for any tort, or breach of a fiduciary duty, or other actionable wrong committed by the shareholder.

47 Decisions that must be made by shareholders

The following powers must be exercised by the shareholders of a company by special resolution, and may not be delegated under the rules or otherwise:

(a) the power to approve registration of a public company as a private company under subsection 9(3), or of a private company as a public company under subsection 9(5);

(b) the power to adopt new rules, or to amend the company’s rules, under subsection 14(2);

(d) the power to put the company into liquidation.

48 Decisions that may be made by shareholders

(1) Unless the rules provide otherwise, the shareholders have the following powers:

(a) the power to appoint or remove a director;

(b) the power to appoint or remove an auditor.

(2) The rules may provide for other matters to be decided by shareholders, or approved by shareholders.

(3) Unless the rules provide otherwise, the powers referred to in subsection (1), and any other powers conferred on shareholders under subsection (2), may be exercised:

(a) by ordinary resolution; or

(b) in accordance with section 50.

49 Shareholder approval of major transactions

(1) A company must not enter into a major transaction unless:

(a) the rules expressly authorise it to enter into that transaction, or transactions of that class; or

(b) entry into the transaction is approved by shareholders:

(i) by special resolution; or

(ii) in accordance with section 50; or

(2) In this section:

assets includes property of any kind, whether tangible or intangible; major transaction, in relation to a company, means:

(a) the acquisition of, or an agreement to acquire, whether contingent or not, assets the value of which is more than half the value of the company’s assets before the acquisition; or

(b) the disposition of, or an agreement to dispose of, whether contingent or not, assets of the company the value of which is more than half the value of the company’s assets before the disposition; or

(c) a transaction that has, or is likely to have, the effect of the company acquiring rights or interests or incurring obligations or liabilities the value of which is more than half the value of the company’s assets before the transaction.

(3) Nothing in paragraph (2)(c) relating to the definition of major transaction, applies by reason only of the company giving, or entering into an agreement to give, a charge secured over assets of the company the value of which is more than half the value of the company’s assets for the purpose of securing the repayment of money or the performance of an obligation.

(4) This section does not apply to a major transaction entered into by a receiver appointed under a document creating a charge over property of a company.

50 Unanimous shareholder approval

(1) Except in the case of a community company as defined in Part 12 of this Act, if all the shareholders of a company consent to or concur in any action taken by the company or a director, the taking of that action is deemed to be validly authorised by the company despite:

(a) anything to the contrary in its rules; or

(b) the absence of express authority to take that action in its rules.

(2) The matters that may be authorised in accordance with subsection (1) include, but are not limited to, the following:

(a) the issue of shares;

(b) the making of a distribution;

(d) giving financial assistance for the purpose of, or in connection with, the purchase of shares in the company;

(e) the payment of remuneration to a director, or the making of a loan to a director, or the conferral of any other benefit on a director;

(f) the making of a contract between the company and a director, or of any other contract in which a director has an interest;

(g) entry into a major transaction;

(h) the ratification after the event of any action that could have been authorised under this section.

(3) Subject to section 167 a company must not authorise a distribution under this section unless there are reasonable grounds for believing that, after that distribution is made, the company will satisfy the solvency test.

(4) Section 28 applies to a distribution made in breach of subsection (3) as if:

(a) the distribution had been made in breach of section 27; and

(b) the distribution was authorised by all shareholders.

51 Shareholder written resolutions

(1) Subject to subsection (3), a resolution in writing signed by shareholders who together hold not less than 75% of the votes entitled to be cast on that resolution at a meeting of shareholders is as valid as if it had been passed at a meeting of those shareholders.

(2) A resolution in writing is made in accordance with this Act or the rules of the company, as the case may be, if the resolution:

(a) relates to a matter that is required by this Act or by the rules to be decided at a meeting of the shareholders of a company; and

(b) is signed by the shareholders referred to in subsection (1).

(3) If, in respect of any matter, the rules of a company:

(a) require approval by a higher majority than 75% of those shareholders entitled to vote and voting, the reference in subsection (1) to 75% is taken to be a reference to that higher majority; and

(b) specify additional requirements for approval of such matters, those requirements must also be satisfied in order for the resolution to be valid.

(4) Within 5 working days of a resolution being passed under this section, the company must send a copy of the resolution to every shareholder who did not sign the resolution.

(5) A resolution may be signed under subsections (1) or (2) without any prior notice being given to shareholders.

(6) If a company fails to comply with subsection (4):

(a) the company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT5,000; and

(b) the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT5,000.

52 Shareholder meetings

(1) The rules of a company must include provisions:

(a) for holding meetings of shareholders of the company; and

(b) that govern proceedings at meetings of shareholders of the company.

(2) Meetings of the shareholders of a company must be held in accordance with the rules of the company.

(3) A special meeting of shareholders entitled to vote on an issue:

(a) may be called at any time by a director; and

(b) must be called by the directors on the written request of shareholders holding shares carrying together not less than 10% of the votes that may be cast on the issue.

Division 2 Alteration of Shareholder Rights

53 Alteration of shareholder rights

(1) A company must not take action that affects the rights attached to shares unless that action has been approved by:

(a) a special resolution of each interest group; or

(b) all shareholders under section 50.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the rights attached to a share include:

(a) the rights, privileges, limitations, and conditions attached to the share by this Act or the rules, including voting rights and rights to distributions; and

(b) the right to have any provisions of the rules in relation to the issue of further shares observed by the company; and

(c) the right to have the procedure set out in this section, and any further procedure required by the rules for the amendment or alteration of rights, observed by the company; and

(d) the right that a procedure required by the rules for the amendment or alteration of rights not be amended or altered.

(3) In this section:

class means a class of shares having attached to them identical rights, privileges, limitations, and conditions;

interest group, in relation to any action or proposal affecting rights attached to shares, means a group of shareholders:

(a) whose affected rights are identical; and

(b) whose rights are affected by the action or proposal in the same way; and

(4) For the purposes of this section and the definition of interest group:

(a) 1 or more interest groups may exist in relation to any action or proposal; and

(b) holders of shares in the same class may fall into 2 or more interest groups if:

(i) action is taken in relation to some holders of shares in a class and not others; or

(ii) a proposal expressly distinguishes between some holders of shares in a class and other holders of shares of that class.

54 Repurchase of dissenter’s shares

(1) A shareholder is entitled to require the company to purchase shares in accordance with the procedure set out in Schedule 5 if:

(a) the shareholder is entitled to vote on the exercise of 1 or more of the powers set out in:

(i) paragraph 47(b) and the proposed alteration imposes or removes a restriction on the activities of the company; or

(ii) paragraph 47(c) or (d); and

(b) the shareholders resolve to exercise the power; and

(c) the shareholders cast all the votes attached to shares registered in the shareholder’s name and having the same beneficial owner against the exercise of the power.

(2) A shareholder is entitled to require the company to purchase shares in accordance with the procedure set out in Schedule 5 if:

(a) an interest group of which the shareholder was a member has, under section 53, approved, by special resolution, the taking of action that affects the rights attached to those shares; and

(b) the company becomes entitled to take the action; and

(c) the shareholder cast all the votes attached to the shares registered in that shareholder’s name and having the same beneficial owner against approving the action.

(3) If a resolution of shareholders or of an interest group is made in writing in accordance with section 51, subsections (1) and (2) apply as if references to a shareholder who cast all the votes attached to shares registered in the shareholder’s name and having the same beneficial owner against the matter in question, were references to a shareholder who did not sign the written resolution in respect of those shares.

Division 3 Disclosure to Shareholders

55 Annual report to shareholders

(1) Subject to subsection (2), the director of a company must, within 20 working days after the date on which the company is required to complete its financial statements under section 125:

(a) prepare an annual report on the affairs of the company during the accounting period ending on that date; and

(b) send a copy of that report to each shareholder.

(2) The rules of a private company may provide that the directors are only required to prepare an annual report in respect of an accounting period if a shareholder has given written notice to the company before the end of that accounting period requiring the annual report to be prepared.

(3) An annual report for a company must:

(a) be in writing and be dated; and

(b) include financial statements for the accounting period that comply with section 125; and

(c) if an auditor’s report is required for the financial statements included in the report, include that auditor’s report; and

(d) state the names of the persons holding office as directors of the company as at the end of the accounting period and the names of any persons who ceased to hold office as directors of the company during the accounting period; and

(e) contain any other information that may be required by:

(i) regulations made under this Act; and

(ii) the rules; and

(f) be signed on behalf of the directors by 2 directors of the company or, if the company has only 1 director, by that director.

(4) If the director of a company fails to comply with subsection (1), the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

56 Inspection of company records by shareholders

A shareholder is entitled to inspect company records in accordance with section 116.

57 Request for information held by company

(1) A shareholder may, at any time, make a written request to a company for information held by the company.

(2) The request must specify the information sought in enough detail to enable it to be identified.

58 Company must provide requested information

Within 10 working days of receiving a request under section 57, the company must:

(a) provide the information; or

(b) agree to provide the information within a specified period; or

(c) agree to provide the information within a specified period if the shareholder pays a reasonable charge to the company (which must be specified and explained) to meet the cost of providing the information; or

(d) refuse to provide the information, specifying the reasons for the refusal.

59 Reasons for refusing information

Without limiting the reasons for which a company may refuse to provide information under section 58, a company may refuse to provide information if the:

(a) disclosure of the information would be likely to prejudice the commercial position of the company; or

(b) disclosure of the information would be likely to prejudice the commercial position of any other person, whether or not that person supplied the information to the company.

60 Shareholder may withdraw request

If the company requires the shareholder to pay a charge for the information, the shareholder may withdraw the request, and is deemed to have done so unless, within 10 working days of receiving notification of the charge, the shareholder informs the company that the shareholder:

(a) will pay the charge; or

(b) considers the charge to be unreasonable.

61 Court may order company to provide requested information

(1) The Court may, on the application of a person who has requested information, make an order requiring the company to provide the information within any time and on payment of any charge that the Court thinks fit if it is satisfied that:

(a) the company does not have sufficient reason to refuse to provide the information; or

(b) the period specified for providing the information is unreasonable; or

(2) If the Court makes an order under subsection (1), it may specify the use that may be made of the information and the persons to whom it may be disclosed.

(3) On an application for an order under this section, the Court may make any order for the payment of costs that it thinks fit.

62 Investigation at request of shareholder

(1) On the application of a shareholder of a company, the Court may make:

(a) an order authorising a person named in the order, at a time specified in the order, to inspect and to make copies of, or take extracts from, the records or other documents of the company, or any of the records or documents of the company specified in the order; and

(b) any ancillary order that it thinks fit, including an order that the accounts of the company be audited by that person.

(2) The Court may make an order under subsection (1) only if it is satisfied that:

(a) in making the application, the shareholder is acting in good faith and that the inspection is proposed to be made for a proper purpose; and

(b) the person to be appointed is a proper person for the task.

(3) A person appointed by the Court under subsection (1) must diligently carry out the inspection and, having done so, must make a full report to the Court.

(4) On receiving the report of an inspector, the Court may make any order in relation to the disclosure and use that may be made of the records and information obtained that it thinks fit.

(5) An order made under subsection (4) may be varied from time to time.

(6) The reasonable costs of the inspection must be met by the company unless the Court orders otherwise.

(7) A person may only disclose or make use of information or records obtained under this section in accordance with an order made under subsections (4) or (5).

(8) A person who discloses or makes use of information or records obtained under this section other than in accordance with an order made under subsections (4) or (5) commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

PART 5 DIRECTORS

Division 1 Powers and Duties

63 Management of company

Except to the extent that this Act or the company’s rules provide otherwise:

(a) the business and affairs of a company must be managed by, or under the direction or supervision of, the directors of the company; and

(b) the directors of a company have all the powers necessary for managing, and for directing and supervising the management of, the business and affairs of the company.

64 Fundamental duties of directors

A director of a company must, when exercising powers or performing duties as a director, act:

(a) in good faith; and

(b) in a manner that the director reasonably believes to be in the interests of the company.

65 Duty of directors to comply with Act

A director of a company must not act, or agree to the company acting, in a manner that contravenes this Act.

66 Duty of directors to comply with rules

A director of a company must not act, or agree to the company acting, in a manner that contravenes the company’s rules.

67 Interest of director in company transactions

(1) A director must not exercise any power as a director if the director is directly or indirectly materially interested in the exercise of that power, unless:

(a) this Act expressly authorises the director to exercise the relevant power despite that interest; or

(b) the director has reasonable grounds for believing that the company will satisfy the solvency test after that power is exercised, and either:

(i) the rules expressly authorise the director to exercise the relevant power despite that interest, following disclosure of the interest in accordance with subsection (2); or

(ii) the exercise of the power by the director has been approved by all shareholders under section 50, following disclosure of the nature and extent of the director’s interest to all shareholders who are not otherwise aware of those matters.

(2) A director who is directly or indirectly materially interested in the exercise of any power may only be authorised by the rules to exercise that power if the rules require that, before the exercise of the power, the director discloses the nature and extent of that interest in writing:

(a) to the directors of the company, if there is at least 1 other director who is not directly or indirectly materially interested in the transaction or proposed transaction;

(b) to all shareholders other than the director, if paragraph (a) does not apply.

68 Use and disclosure of company information

A director of a company who has information in his or her capacity as a director or employee of the company, being information that would not otherwise be available to him or her, must not disclose that information to any person, or make use of or act on the information, except:

(a) in the interests of the company; or

(b) as required by law; or

(c) if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the company will satisfy the solvency test after the director takes that action and that action:

(i) is authorised by the rules; or

(ii) is approved by shareholders under section 50.

69 Standard of care of directors

Subject to the company’s rules, a director of a company, when exercising powers or performing duties as a director, must exercise the care, diligence, and skill that a reasonable person would exercise in the same circumstances taking into account, but without limitation:

(a) the nature of the company; and

(b) the nature of the decision; and

70 Obligations of directors in connection with insolvency

(1) A director of a company must call a meeting of directors within 10 working days to consider whether the directors should appoint a liquidator if the director:

(a) believes that the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the normal course of business; or

(b) is aware of matters that would put any reasonable person on inquiry as to whether the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the normal course of business.

(2) At a meeting called under this section, the directors must consider whether to appoint a liquidator or to continue to carry on the business of the company.

(3) A director is liable to any creditor to whom the company incurred an obligation after the time that the director failed to comply with subsection (1) if:

(a) at the time of that failure, the company was unable to pay its debts as they fell due in the normal course of business; and

(b) the company is later placed in liquidation.

(4) Each director who did not participate in the meeting and did not vote in favour of appointing a liquidator is liable to any creditor to whom the company incurred an obligation after the date of the meeting in accordance with subsection (5) if:

(a) at a meeting called under this section, the directors do not resolve to appoint a liquidator; and

(b) at the time of that meeting there were no reasonable grounds for believing that the company was able to pay its debts as they fell due; and

(5) A director who is liable to a creditor under subsections (3) or (4) in respect of an obligation of the company is liable to that creditor for the amount of any loss suffered by that creditor as a consequence of the company’s failure to perform that obligation, unless the director establishes that the creditor:

(a) knew or ought to have known of the circumstances that called into question the solvency of the company; or

(b) otherwise assumed the risk of dealing with the company in those circumstances.

(6) If more than 1 director is liable to a creditor under this section, the liability of those directors is joint and several.

**71 Effect of unanimous shareholder approval on certain duties of directors **

If a director exercises any power or takes any other action in his or her capacity as a director with the consent or concurrence of shareholders under section 50:

(a) the director is deemed to be acting in accordance with the requirements of section 66; and

(b) if, at the time the director so acts, there are reasonable grounds for believing that the company is able to meet its debts as they fall due, the director is deemed to be acting in accordance with the requirements of sections 64 and 69.

Division 2 Liabilities

72 Persons deemed to be directors for liability purposes

(1) A person (principal) in accordance with whose directions or instructions a director is required or is accustomed to act is liable under sections 64 to 70 to the same extent as that director, unless the principal shows that the director was not in fact acting in accordance with the principal’s directions or instructions in acting or failing to act in the manner giving rise to liability on the part of the director.

(2) A person who exercises, or who is entitled to exercise, or who controls or who is entitled to control the exercise, of powers that, apart from the rules of the company, would fall to be exercised by the directors, is liable under sections 64 to 69 in connection with the exercise of those powers as if that person were a director.

(3) Without limiting subsection (2), if the rules of a company confer a power on shareholders that would otherwise fall to be exercised by directors under this Act, any shareholder who exercises that power or who takes part in deciding whether to exercise that power is liable under sections 64 to 69 in connection with the exercise of that power as if that person were a director.

(4) A person to whom a power or duty of the directors has been directly delegated by the directors with that person’s consent or acquiescence, or who exercises the power or duty with the consent or acquiescence of the directors, is liable under sections 64 to 69 in connection with the exercise of those powers or duties as if that person were a director.

(5) To avoid doubt, if any action is approved by all shareholders under section 50:

(a) no shareholder is liable under section 66 in respect of that action:

(b) if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the company is able to meet its debts as they fall due, no shareholder is liable under sections 64, 67, 68, or 69 in respect of that action.

73 Certain indemnities prohibited

(1) A company may not indemnify a director of the company or of any related company in respect of:

(a) any criminal liability; or

(b) any liability to the company or a related company for any act or omission in his or her capacity as a director of the company or of the related company, as the case may be; or

(c) any liability to any person arising out of a breach by that person of a duty to the company or related company, as the case may be, under any of sections 64 to 70.

(2) An indemnity given in breach of this section is void.

(3) In this section: director includes:

(a) a person who is liable under any of sections 64 to 70 by virtue of section 72; or

(b) a former director;

indemnify includes relieve or excuse from liability, whether before or after the liability arises; and indemnity has a corresponding meaning.

74 Company may indemnify or insure directors

(1) Subject to subsection 73(1) a company may indemnify a director or may purchase insurance for a director against any liability other than criminal liability.

(2) If a company provides an indemnity or purchases insurance for a director of the company or of a related company it must be with the approval of the Board and in accordance with the rules of the company.

(3) The directors who vote in favour of purchasing insurance under subsection (1) must sign a certificate stating that, in their opinion, the cost of effecting the insurance is fair to the company.

75 Defences for directors

(1) It is a defence to a director charged with an offence in relation to a duty imposed on the directors of a company if the director proves that:

(a) the directors took all reasonable and proper steps to ensure that the requirements of that duty would be complied with; or

(b) the director took all reasonable and proper steps to ensure that the directors complied with the requirements of that duty; or

(c) in the circumstances, the director could not reasonably have been expected to take steps to ensure that the directors complied with the requirements of that duty.

(2) It is a defence to a director charged with an offence in relation to a duty imposed on the company if the director proves that:

(a) the company took all reasonable and proper steps to ensure that the requirements of that duty would be complied with; or

(b) the director took all reasonable steps to ensure that the company complied with the requirements of that duty; or

(c) in the circumstances, the director could not reasonably have been expected to take steps to ensure that the company complied with the requirements of that duty.

Division 3 Prohibition and Disqualification of Directors

76 Persons prohibited from managing companies

(1) A person must not, during the period of 3 years after the conviction or the judgment, be a director or promoter of, or in any way, whether directly or indirectly, be concerned or take part in the management of, a company if the person has been convicted of an offence:

(a) in connection with the promotion, formation, or management of a company punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding 2 years, whether or not a sentence of imprisonment was imposed; or

(b) under any of sections 196 to 199 of this Act or under the relevant sections of the Criminal Procedure Code [CAP 136].

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the person first obtains the leave of the Court, which may be given on any conditions that the Court thinks fit.

(3) A person who intends to apply for the leave of the Court under subsection (2) must give to the Registrar not less than 10 working days’ notice of that person’s intention to apply.

(4) Any persons that the Court thinks fit, may attend and be heard at the hearing of any application under this section.

(5) Every person who fails to comply with this section or any order made under this section, commits an offence and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to a fine not exceeding VT500,000, or both.

(6) In this section, company includes an overseas company that carries on business in Vanuatu.

77 Court may disqualify directors

(1) The Court may make an order that a person must not, without the leave of the Court, be a director or promoter of, or in any way, whether directly or indirectly, be concerned or take part in the management of, a company for any period, not exceeding 5 years, that may be specified in the order if the person has:

(a) been convicted of any offence in connection with the promotion, formation, or management of a company punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding 2 years, whether or not a sentence of imprisonment was imposed; or

(b) been convicted of an offence under any of sections 196 to 199 of this Act or under any relevant sections of the Criminal Procedure Code [CAP 136]; or

(d) while a director of a company and whether convicted or not:

(i) persistently failed to comply with this Act, or, if the company has failed to so comply, persistently failed to take all reasonable steps to obtain compliance; or

(ii) been guilty of fraud in relation to the company or of a breach of duty to the company or a shareholder; or

(e) been convicted of an offence in any other country that corresponds to the offences referred to in paragraphs (a) to (c); or

(f) been prohibited under the law of any other country from acting as a director of a company, or being concerned or taking part in the management of a company; or

(g) become of unsound mind.

(2) An order may be made under this section even though the person concerned may be liable in respect of the matters on the ground of which the order is to be made.

(3) The Registrar of the Court must, as soon as practicable after the making of an order under this section, give notice to the Registrar that the order has been made.

(4) Every person who fails to comply with an order under this section commits an offence and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to a fine not exceeding VT500,000, or both.

(5) In this section and sections 78 and 79, company includes an overseas company.

78 Persons entitled to apply for order under section 77

(1) An application for an order under section 77 may be made by the liquidator of the company, or by a person who is, or has been, a shareholder or creditor of the company.

(2) The liquidator must appear and call the attention of the Court to any matters that seem to him or her to be relevant, and may give evidence or call witnesses on the hearing of an application for:

(a) an order under section 77 by the liquidator; or

(b) leave under section 77 by a person against whom an order has been made on the application of the liquidator.

79 Notice of application for order under section 77

(1) A person who intends to apply for an order under section 77 must give not less than 10 working days’ notice of that intention to the person against whom the order is sought.

(2) On the hearing of the application, the person against whom the order is sought may appear and give evidence or call witnesses.

80 Application of section 81

Section 81 applies to a company:

(a) that has been put into liquidation because of its inability to pay its debts as and when they became due;

(b) the liquidation of which has been completed, whether or not the company has been dissolved;

(d) in respect of which execution is returned unsatisfied in whole or in part;

(e) in respect of the property of which a receiver, or a receiver and manager, has been appointed by a Court or pursuant to the powers contained in a document, whether or not the appointment has been terminated;

(f) in respect of which, or the property of which, a person has been appointed as a receiver and manager, or a judicial manager, or as a manager, or to exercise control, under an enactment, whether or not the appointment has been terminated.

81 Liability for contravening sections 76 or 77

A person who acts as a director of a company in contravention of section 76 or an order made under section 77 is, while that person was so acting, personally liable to:

(a) a liquidator of the company for every unpaid debt incurred by the company; and

(b) a creditor of the company for a debt to that creditor incurred by the company.

Division 4 Office of the Director

82 Qualifications of directors

(1) A person may be appointed and hold office as a director of a company only if the person:

(a) is a natural person and is not disqualified from being a director under subsection (2); or

(b) is a company and at least one natural person is also appointed as a director.

(2) The following persons are disqualified from being a director of a company:

(a) a person who is under 18 years of age;

(b) a person who is an undischarged bankrupt;

(c) a person who is prohibited from being a director or promoter of, or being concerned or taking part in the management of, a company under sections 76 or 77;

(d) in relation to any particular company, a person who does not comply with any qualifications for directors contained in the rules of that company.

(3) A person who is disqualified from being a director but who acts as a director is treated as a director for the purposes of any provision of this Act that imposes a duty or an obligation on a director of a company.

83 Appointment of directors

(1) A person named as a director in an application for registration or in an amalgamation proposal holds office as a director from the date of registration or the date the amalgamation proposal is effective, as the case may be, until that person ceases to hold office as a director in accordance with this Act.

(2) All subsequent directors of a company may, unless the rules of the company provide otherwise, be appointed by ordinary resolution.

(3) The appointment of a person as a director is not effective until that person has consented in writing to act as a director of the company.

(4) The company must, if required to do so by the Registrar, produce any consent specified in subsection (3).

84 Director ceasing to hold office

(1) The office of a director of a company is vacated if the person holding that office:

(a) resigns in accordance with subsection (2); or

(b) is removed from office in accordance with subsection (4) or the rules of the company; or

(d) dies; or

(e) otherwise vacates office in accordance with the rules of the company.

(2) A director of a company may resign by signing a written notice of resignation and delivering it to the registered office of the company.

(3) Subject to subsections (5) and (6), the notice is effective when it is received at that address or at a later time specified in the notice.

(4) Subject to the company’s rules, a director may be removed by ordinary resolution.

(5) If a company has only 1 director, that director may not resign office:

(a) until that director has called a meeting of shareholders to receive notice of the resignation; or

(b) if the company has only 1 shareholder, until that director has given not less than 10 working days’ notice of the resignation to that shareholder.

(6) A notice of resignation given by the sole director of a company does not take effect, despite its terms, until the earlier of the appointment of another director of the company or:

(a) the time and date for which a meeting of shareholders is called under paragraph (5)(a); or

(b) if the company has only 1 shareholder, 10 working days after notice of the resignation has been given to that shareholder.

(7) Despite the vacation of office, a person who held office as a director remains liable under the provisions of this Act that impose liabilities on directors in relation to acts and omissions and decisions made while that person was a director.

85 Notice of change of directors

(1) A company must ensure that the following notices in the prescribed form are delivered to the Registrar for registration:

(a) notice of a change in the directors of a company, whether as the result of a director ceasing to hold office or the appointment of a new director, or both; and

(b) notice of a change in the name or the physical address or the postal address of a director of a company.

(2) A notice under subsection (1) must:

(a) specify the date of the change; and

(b) include the full name and physical address and postal address of every person who is a director of the company from the date of the notice; and

(i) the change occurring, in the case of the appointment or resignation of a director; or

(ii) the company first becoming aware of the change, in the case of the death of a director or a change in the name or physical address or postal address of a director.

(3) If a company fails to comply with this section:

(a) the company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000; and

(b) the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

86 Remuneration of directors

Directors may receive remuneration and other benefits from the company:

(a) in accordance with its rules; or

(b) with the approval of shareholders under section 50.

87 Proceedings of directors

(1) The rules of a company must include provisions:

(a) for holding meetings of directors of the company; and

(b) that govern proceedings at meetings of directors of the company.

(2) Meetings of the directors of a company must be held in accordance with the rules of the company.

PART 6 ENFORCEMENT

88 Injunctions to require compliance with Act and rules

(1) Without limiting section 16(2) or this Part, the Court may, on an application under this section, make an order restraining a company that, or a director of a company who, proposes to engage in conduct that would contravene the rules of the company or this Act from engaging in that conduct.

(2) An application may be made by:

(a) the company; or

(b) a director or shareholder of the company.

(3) If the Court makes an order under subsection (1), it may also grant any consequential relief that it thinks fit.

(4) An order may not be made under this section in relation to conduct that has been completed.

(5) The Court may, at any time before the final determination of an application under subsection (1), make, as an interim order, any order that it is empowered to make under that subsection.

89 Leave to bring proceedings

Subject to section 93, the Court may, on the application of a person referred to in section 90, grant leave to that person to:

(a) bring proceedings in the name and on behalf of the company or any subsidiary of the company; or

(b) intervene in proceedings to which the company or any subsidiary company is a party for the purpose of continuing, defending, or discontinuing the proceedings on behalf of the company or subsidiary, as the case may be.

90 Who may apply for leave to bring proceedings

An application for leave to bring proceedings or to intervene in proceedings under section 89 may be made by:

(a) a director of the company; or

(b) a shareholder or shareholders representing not less than 10% of the voting rights of all shareholders entitled to vote on a resolution to amend the rules of the company.

91 Matters that Court must consider

Without limiting section 89, in determining whether to grant leave under that section, the Court must consider:

(a) the likelihood of the proceedings succeeding; and

(b) the costs of the proceedings in relation to the relief likely to be obtained; and

(d) the interests of the company or subsidiary in the proceedings being commenced, continued, defended, or discontinued, as the case may be.

92 When leave may be granted

Leave to bring proceedings or intervene in proceedings may be granted only if the Court is satisfied that either:

(a) the company or subsidiary does not intend to bring, diligently continue or defend, or discontinue the proceedings, as the case may be; or

(b) it is in the interests of the company or subsidiary that the conduct of the proceedings should not be left to the directors or to the determination of the shareholders as a whole.

93 Procedural matters

(1) Notice of the application must be served on the company or subsidiary.

(2) The company or subsidiary:

(a) must inform the Court whether or not it intends to bring, continue, defend, or discontinue the proceedings, as the case may be; and

(b) may appear and be heard.

(3) Except as otherwise provided, a shareholder is not entitled to bring or intervene in any proceedings in the name of, or on behalf of, a company or its subsidiaries.

(4) No proceedings brought or intervened in with leave of the Court may be settled or compromised or discontinued without the approval of the Court.

94 Powers of Court

The Court may, at any time, make any order that it thinks fit in relation to proceedings brought or intervened in with leave of the Court and, without limitation, may:

(a) make an order authorising the person to whom leave was granted or any other person to control the conduct of the proceedings; and

(b) give directions for the conduct of the proceedings; and

(c) make an order requiring the company or the directors to provide information or assistance in relation to the proceedings; and

(d) make an order directing that any amount ordered to be paid by a defendant in the proceedings must be paid, in whole or part, to former and present shareholders of the company or subsidiary instead of to the company or the subsidiary.

95 Costs of derivative action to be met by company

The Court must, on the application of the person to whom leave was granted, order that the reasonable costs of bringing or intervening in the proceedings, including any costs relating to any settlement, compromise, or discontinuance approved by the Court, must be met by the company unless the Court considers that it would be unjust or inequitable for the company to bear those costs, or to bear the whole of those costs.

96 Personal actions by shareholders against company

(1) A shareholder of a company may bring an action against the company for breach of a duty owed by the company to him or her as a shareholder.

(2) The Court may, on the application of a shareholder of a company, if it is satisfied that it is just and equitable to do so, make an order requiring the company to take any action that is required to be taken by the rules of the company or this Act, whether or not the company owes a duty to the shareholder to take that action.

(3) On making an order under this section, the Court may grant any consequential relief that it thinks fit.

97 Personal actions by shareholders against directors

(1) A shareholder or former shareholder may bring an action against a director for breach of a duty owed to him or her as a shareholder.

(2) An action may not be brought under subsection (1) to recover any loss in the form of a reduction in the value of shares in the company or a failure of the shares to increase in value by reason only of a loss suffered, or a gain forgone, by the company.

(3) The Court may, on the application of a shareholder of a company, if it is satisfied that it is just and equitable to do so, make an order requiring a director of the company to take any action that is required to be taken by the directors under the rules of the company or this Act, whether or not the director owes a duty to the shareholder to take that action.

(4) On making an order under this section, the Court may grant any consequential relief that it thinks fit.

98 Representative actions

(1) The Court may appoint a shareholder of a company to represent all or some of the shareholders having the same or substantially the same interest if:

(a) the shareholder brings proceedings against the company or a director; and

(b) other shareholders have the same, or substantially the same, interest in relation to the subject matter of the proceedings.

(2) In making an order under subsection (1), the Court may, for that purpose, make any other order that it thinks fit, including an order:

(a) as to the control and conduct of the proceedings; or

(b) as to the costs of the proceedings; or

(c) directing the distribution of any amount ordered to be paid by a defendant in the proceedings among the shareholders represented.

99 Prejudiced shareholders

(1) A shareholder or former shareholder of a company may apply to the Court for an order under subsection (2) if the shareholder considers that the affairs of a company have been, or are being, or are likely to be, conducted in a manner that is, or any act or acts of the company have been, or are, or are likely to be, oppressive, unfairly discriminatory, or unfairly prejudicial to him or her in that capacity or in any other capacity.

(2) If the Court considers that it is just and equitable to do so, it may make any order that it thinks fit, including an order:

(a) requiring the company or any other person to acquire the shareholder’s shares; or

(b) requiring the company or any other person to pay compensation to a person; or

(d) altering or adding to the company’s rules; or

(e) appointing a receiver of the company; or

(f) directing the rectification of the records of the company; or

(g) putting the company into liquidation; or

(h) setting aside action taken by the company or the board in breach of this Act or the rules of the company.

(3) An order is not to be made against the company or any other person under subsection (2) unless the company or that person is a party to the proceedings in which the application is made.

100 Certain conduct deemed prejudicial

Failure to comply with any of the following sections of this Act is conduct that is deemed to be unfairly prejudicial for the purposes of section 99:

(a) subsection 25(1) (which relates to the issue of shares); or

(b) section 29 (which relates to dividends); or

(d) section 33 (which relates to redeemable shares); or

(e) section 35 (which relates to the provision of financial assistance by a company to purchase its own shares); or

(f) section 49 (which relates to major transactions); or

(g) section 53 (which relates to the alteration of shareholder rights).

101 Alteration to rules by Court

(1) Despite anything in this Act, but subject to the order, if the Court makes an order under section 99 altering or adding to the rules of a company, the rules must not, to the extent that they have been altered or added to by the Court, again be altered or added to without the leave of the Court.

(2) An alteration or addition to the rules of a company made by an order under section 99 has the same effect as if it had been made by the shareholders of the company under section 14, and this Act applies to the rules as altered or added to.

(3) Within 10 working days of the making of an order under section 99 altering or adding to the rules of a company, the company must ensure that a copy of the order and a copy of the rules as altered or added to are delivered to the Registrar for registration.

(4) If a company fails to comply with subsection (3):

(a) the company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000; and

(b) the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

102 Effect of arbitration clause in rules

A shareholder is entitled to apply to the Court for relief under sections 88 to 97 and 99 despite any provision in the rules of a company requiring disputes relating to the affairs of the company to be referred to arbitration, or otherwise seeking to prohibit the shareholder from making the application.

PART 7 ADMINISTRATION OF COMPANIES

Division 1 Dealings with Third Parties

103 Authority to bind company

(1) A contract or other enforceable obligation may be entered into by a company as follows:

(a) an obligation that, if entered into by a natural person, is, by law, required to be by deed, may be entered into on behalf of the company in writing and signed under the name of the company by:

(i) 2 or more directors of the company; or

(ii) in the case where the company has only 1 director, by that director; or

(iii) if the rules of the company so provide, a director, or other person or class of persons; or

(iv) 1 or more attorneys appointed by the company under section 104;

(b) an obligation that, if entered into by a natural person, is, by law, required to be in writing, may be entered into on behalf of the company:

(i) in the manner specified in paragraph (a); or

(ii) in writing by a person acting under the company’s express or implied authority;

(c) an obligation that, if entered into by a natural person, is not, by law, required to be in writing, may be entered into on behalf of the company by a person acting under the company’s express or implied authority.

(2) Subsection (1) applies to a contract or other obligation whether or not:

(a) that contract or obligation was entered into in Vanuatu; and

(b) the law governing the contract or obligation is the law of Vanuatu.

(3) Subsection (1) does not prevent a company from affixing its common seal, if it has one, to a contract or document.

(4) Despite anything in the rules of the company, the absence of a seal does not affect the enforceability of an obligation entered into in accordance with subsection (1).

104 Attorneys

(1) Subject to its rules, a company may, by an instrument in writing, executed in accordance with paragraph 103(1)(a), appoint a person as its attorney either generally or in relation to a specific matter.

(2) An act of the attorney in accordance with the instrument binds the company.

105 Validity of dealings with third parties

(1) Subject to sections 107 and 108, the validity of a transaction entered into by a company is not affected by:

(a) a failure to comply with this Act (except section 103); or

(b) a failure to comply with the company’s rules; or

(d) a failure by the company or its directors to take any steps required by the company’s rules to authorise entry into the transaction; or

(e) the fact that the transaction is not in the interests of the company; or

(f) a breach of duty by a director in connection with entry into the transaction.

(2) Subsection (1) does not limit:

(a) section 88, which relates to injunctions to restrain conduct by a company that would contravene its rules; or

(b) sections 89 to 95, which relate to derivative actions; or

(d) section 97, which relates to actions by shareholders against directors; or

(e) the obligations and the liabilities of directors of a company in respect of any contract or other obligation, or transfer of property to or by the company.

(3) In this section and sections 107 to 109: transaction:

(a) includes any contract or other obligation entered into by a company, or any transfer of property to or by a company; but

(b) does not include:

(i) a distribution to shareholders; or

(ii) an indemnity provided to a director under section 74; or

(iii) remuneration or other benefits given to a director in accordance with section 86.

106 Assumptions that may be made by third parties

(1) Without limiting section 105, neither;

(a) a company nor any person claiming under or through a company; or

(b) a guarantor of an obligation of a company,

may assert against a person dealing with the company or against a person who has acquired property, rights, or interests from the company that:

(i) a person named as a director of the company in the most recent notice received by the Registrar under section 85 or in the most recent annual return delivered to the Registrar:

(A) is not a director of the company; or

(B) has not been duly appointed; or

(C) does not have authority to exercise a power that a director of a company carrying on business of the kind carried on by the company customarily has authority to exercise;

(ii) a person held out by the company as a director, employee, or agent of the company:

(A) has not been duly appointed; or

(B) does not have authority to exercise a power that a director, employee, or agent of a company carrying on business of the kind carried on by the company customarily has authority to exercise;

(iii) a person held out by the company as a director, employee, or agent of the company with authority to exercise a power that a director, employee, or agent of a company carrying on business of the kind carried on by the company does not customarily have authority to exercise, does not have authority to exercise that power;

(iv) a document issued on behalf of a company by a director, employee, or agent of the company with actual or usual authority to issue the document is not valid or not genuine,

unless the person has, or ought to have, by virtue of his or her position with or relationship to the company, knowledge of the matters referred to in any of subparagraphs (i) to (iv).

(2) Subsection (1) applies even though a person of the kind referred to in that subsection acts fraudulently or forges a document that appears to have been signed on behalf of the company, unless the person dealing with the company or with a person who has acquired property, rights, or interests from the company has actual knowledge of the fraud or forgery.

(3) A person is not affected by, or deemed to have notice or knowledge of the contents of, the rules of, or any other document relating to, a company merely because the rules or document are:

registered on the Vanuatu register; or

available for inspection by that person under Division 2 of this Part.

107 Transactions in which directors are interested

(1) A transaction entered into by a company in which a director is directly or indirectly materially interested is voidable at the option of the company, unless:

(a) this Act or the company’s rules expressly authorise entry into the transaction despite such an interest; or

(b) the transaction has been entered into with the approval of shareholders under section 50 following disclosure of the nature and extent of the director’s interest to all shareholders who were not otherwise aware of those matters; or

(c) the other party to the transaction is a person other than the director or a person associated with the director and either:

(i) that person did not know of the interest of the director; or

(ii) the company received fair value under the transaction.

(2) For the purposes of this section and section 108, a person is associated with a director if the director:

(a) is the parent, child, or spouse of that person; or

(b) is a director, employee, or trustee of that person; or

108 Transactions entered into by directors in breach of certain duties

A transaction entered into by a company as the result of action taken by a director in breach of section 64, 65, or 66 is voidable at the option of the company if:

(a) the other party to the transaction is the director or a person associated with the director; or

(b) the other party to the transaction is a person with knowledge of the circumstances giving rise to the breach of section 64, 65, or 66, and the company did not receive fair value under the transaction.

109 Effect on third parties

The setting aside of a transaction under section 107 or 108 does not affect the title or interest of a person in or to property that the person has acquired if the property was acquired:

(a) from a person other than the company; and

(b) for valuable consideration; and

(c) without knowledge of the circumstances that entitle the company to set aside the transaction under which the property was acquired from the company.

110 Pre-incorporation contracts may be ratified

(1) For the purposes of this section and sections 111 and 112: pre-incorporation contract means:

(a) a contract purporting to be made by a company before its incorporation; or

(b) a contract made by a person on behalf of a company before, and in contemplation of, its incorporation.

(2) Despite any enactment or rule of law, a pre-incorporation contract may be ratified by the company within any period that may be specified in the contract, or if no period is specified, within a reasonable time after the incorporation of the company in the name of which, or on behalf of which, it has been made.

(3) A pre-incorporation contract that is ratified is as valid and enforceable as if the company had been a party to the contract when it was made.

(4) A pre-incorporation contract may be ratified by a company in the same manner as a contract may be entered into on behalf of a company under section 103.

(5) Despite any other Act, if a pre-incorporation contract has not been ratified by a company, or validated by the Court under section 112, the company may not enforce it or take the benefit of it.

111 Warranties implied in pre-incorporation contracts

(1) Despite any enactment or rule of law, in a pre-incorporation contract, unless a contrary intention is expressed in the contract, there is an implied warranty by the person who purports to make the contract in the name of, or on behalf of, the company:

(a) that the company will be incorporated within the period specified in the contract or, if no period is specified, within a reasonable time after the making of the contract; and

(b) that the company will ratify the contract within the period specified in the contract or, if no period is specified, within a reasonable time after the incorporation of the company.

(2) The amount of damages recoverable in an action for breach of a warranty implied by subsection (1), is the same as the amount of damages that would be recoverable in an action against the company for damages for breach by the company of any unperformed obligations under the contract, if the contract had been ratified.

(3) If, after its incorporation, a company enters into a contract in the same terms as, or in substitution for, a pre-incorporation contract (not being a contract ratified by the company under section 110), the liability of a person under subsection (1) (including any liability under an order made by the Court for the payment of damages) is discharged unless a contrary intention is expressed in the pre-incorporation contract.

112 Failure to ratify

(1) A party to a pre-incorporation contract that has not been ratified by the company after its incorporation may apply to the Court for an order:

(a) directing the company to return to that party, property of any kind acquired by the company from that party by virtue of the contract; or

(b) for any other relief in favour of that party relating to the property.

(2) The Court may, if it considers it just and equitable to do so, make any order or grant any relief that it thinks fit and may do so whether or not an order has been made under subsection 111(2).

Division 2 Company Records

113 Company records

(1) A company must keep the following documents at its registered office:

(a) the rules of the company;

(b) minutes of all meetings and resolutions of shareholders within the last 7 years;

(d) a consent by each person named as a director to act as a director of the company in the prescribed form as well as the full names and physical and postal addresses of the current directors;

(e) copies of all written communications to all shareholders or all holders of the same class of shares during the last 7 years, including annual reports;

(f) the accounting records required under section 124 for the current accounting period and for the last 7 completed accounting periods of the company;

(g) copies of all financial statements required to be completed under section 125 for the last 7 completed accounting periods of the company;

(h) the share register.

(2) The references in paragraphs (1)(b), (c), and (e) to 7 years and the references in paragraphs (1)(f) and (g) to 7 completed accounting periods, include any lesser periods that the Registrar may approve by notice in writing to the company.

(3) The company records referred to in this section may be kept at a place in Vanuatu other than the company’s registered office, provided that notice of that place is given to the Registrar in accordance with subsection (4).

(4) If any company records are not kept at the registered office of the company, or the place at which they are kept is changed, the company must ensure that within 10 working days of their first being kept elsewhere or moved, as the case may be, the Registrar must be given notice of the place where the records are kept.

(5) If a company fails to comply with subsection (1) or (4), the company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

114 Form of records

(1) The records of a company must be kept:

(a) in written form; or

(b) in a form or in a manner that allows the records to be readily accessible so as to be usable for subsequent reference, and convertible into written form.

(2) The directors must ensure that adequate measures in place in order to:

(a) prevent the records being falsified; and

(b) detect any falsification of them.

115 Inspection of records by directors

(1) Subject to subsection (2), a director of a company is entitled, on giving reasonable notice, to inspect the records of the company:

(a) in written form; and

(b) without charge; and

(2) The Court may, on application by the company, direct that the records need not be made available for inspection or limit the inspection of them in any manner it thinks fit if it is satisfied that:

(a) it would not be in the company’s interests for a director to inspect the records; or

(b) the proposed inspection is for a purpose that is not properly connected with the director’s duties.

116 Inspection of records by shareholders

(1) A company must keep the following records available for inspection in the manner prescribed in section 118 by a shareholder of the company, or by a person authorised in writing by a shareholder for the purpose, who serves written notice of intention to inspect on the company:

(a) minutes of all meetings and resolutions of shareholders;

(b) copies of written communications to all shareholders or to all holders of a class of shares during the preceding 7 years, including annual reports and financial statements;

(2) If a company fails to comply with subsection (1):

(a) the company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000; and

(b) the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

117 Inspection of records by public

(1) A company must keep the following records available for inspection in the manner prescribed in section 118 by any person who serves written notice of intention to inspect on the company:

(a) the certificate of incorporation or registration of the company;

(b) the rules of the company, if they differ from the model rules;

(d) the full names and physical addresses of the directors;

(e) details of the registered office of the company and of its postal address, if different from the registered office.

(2) If a company fails to comply with subsection (1), the company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25000.

118 Manner of inspection

(1) Documents that may be inspected under section 116 or 117, must be available for inspection at the place at which the company’s records are kept between the hours of 10.00 am and 4.00 pm on each working day during the inspection period.

(2) For the purposes of this section:

inspection period means the period commencing on the third working day after the day on which notice of intention to inspect is served on the company by the person or shareholder concerned and ending with the eighth working day after the day of service.

(3) A person may require a copy of, or extract from, a document that is available for inspection by him or her under section 116 or 117, to be sent to him or her:

(a) within 5 working days after he or she has made a request in writing for the copy or extract; and

(b) if he or she has paid a reasonable copying and administration fee prescribed by the company.

(4) If a company fails to provide a copy of, or extract from, a document in accordance with a request under subsection (3), the company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT5,000.

Division 3 Documents to be Sent to Registrar and Shareholders

119 Annual returns

(1) The directors of a company must ensure that there is delivered to the Registrar each year, for registration, during the month allocated to the company for the purpose, an annual return:

(a) in the prescribed form; and

(b) containing the prescribed information; and

(2) The annual return must be dated as at a day within the month during which the return is required to be delivered to the Registrar, and the information required to be contained in it must be compiled as at that date.

(3) The annual return must be signed by a director of the company or by a solicitor or public accountant authorised for that purpose.

(4) On registration of a company under Part 2, the Registrar must allocate a month to the company for the purposes of this section.

(5) The Registrar may, by written notice to a company, alter the month allocated to the company under subsection (4).

(6) Despite subsection (1):

(a) a company does not need to make an annual return in the calendar year of its incorporation; and

(b) a subsidiary may, with the written approval of the Registrar, make an annual return during the month allocated to its holding company instead of during the month allocated to it.

(7) Different forms of annual return may be prescribed by the Registrar in respect of different classes of companies.

(8) If the director of a company fails to comply with subsections (1) or (2), the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceedingVT25,000.

120 Registrar may send annual return form to company

(1) The Registrar may send to a company an annual return form that sets out the prescribed information as it appears on the Vanuatu register:

(a) for approval in accordance with subsection 119(3), if the information set out in the form is current as at a date in the month in which the return is required to be made; or

(b) for such correction as may be required, and approval of the corrected information in accordance with subsection 119(3).

(2) If the annual return contains:

(a) an address of the registered office of the company; or

(b) a postal address of the company,

that is different from the address of the registered office or the postal address of the company entered on the Vanuatu register, the Registrar may alter the Vanuatu register accordingly.

(3) For the purposes of this section the Registrar may make provision for electronic submission of the annual return.

121 Special Annual Return

(1) The directors of a company must ensure that there is delivered to the Registrar a special annual return:

(a) in the prescribed form or in a form approved by the Registrar by public notice; and

(b) containing the prescribed information.

(2) The special annual return must be filed on the occurrence of any of the following circumstances:

(a) the adoption of new rules by a company, or the alteration of the rules of a company, under section 14;

(b) a change in the registered office or postal address of the company under section 18;

(d) the acquisition by the company of its own shares under section 30;

(e) the redemption of a share under section 34;

(f) the transfer of shares under section 37

(g) a change in the directors of the company, or of a change in the name or physical address of a director, under section 85;

(h) the making of an order under section 99 altering or adding to the rules of a company;

(i) any documents requested by the Registrar under section 176.

122 Annual report to shareholders

An annual report must be sent to shareholders in accordance with section 55.

123 Other documents to be sent to shareholders

In addition to any annual report required under section 55, a company must send all the following documents to shareholders:

(a) notice of any repurchase of shares to which subsection 30(4) applies;

(b) notice of a written resolution approved under section 51;

(d) a written statement by an auditor under section 131;

(e) a report by an auditor under section 133.

Division 4 Accounting and Audit

124 Accounting records to be kept

(1) The directors of a company must ensure all accounting records of the company are kept, and that these records:

(a) correctly record and explain the transactions of the company; and

(b) will at any time enable the financial position of the company to be determined with reasonable accuracy; and

(c) will enable the directors to ensure that the financial statements of the company comply with section 125 and with any regulation made under this Act; and

(d) will enable the financial statements of the company to be readily and properly audited.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), the accounting records must contain the following:

(a) entries of money received and spent each day and the matters to which it relates; and

(b) a record of the assets and liabilities of the company; and

(i) a record of goods bought and sold, and relevant invoices; and

(ii) a record of stock held at the end of the financial year together with records of any stocktakings during the year; and

(d) if the company’s business involves providing services, a record of services provided and relevant invoices.

(3) If a company sells goods or provides services for cash in the ordinary course of carrying on a retail business:

(a) invoices need not be kept in respect of each retail transaction for the purposes of subsection (2); and

(b) a record of the total money received each day in respect of the sale of goods or provision of services, as the case may be, is sufficient to comply with subsection (2) in respect of those transactions.

(4) Accounting records must be kept in a form specified under section 114.

(5) If the director of a company fails to comply with the requirements of this section, the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

125 Financial statements to be prepared

(1) The directors of every public or community company must ensure that:

(a) within 4 months after the balance date of the company, or within any extended period applicable under subsection (4) - financial statements that comply with subsection (3) are completed in relation to the company and that balance date; and

(b) within 20 working days of the date on which the financial statements must be completed under paragraph (a), those financial statements are sent to all shareholders.

(2) The requirement under paragraph (1)(b) may be satisfied by sending the financial statements to shareholders in an annual report in accordance with section 55.

(3) The financial statements of a company must:

(a) give a true and fair view of the matters to which they relate; and

(b) comply with any applicable regulations made under this Act; and

(c) be dated and signed on behalf of the directors by 2 directors of the company or, if the company has only 1 director, by that director.

(4) The period within which a public or community company must comply with the requirements of paragraph (1)(a) may be extended by special resolution to a period not greater than 7 months.

(5) The following periods must not exceed 15 months:

(a) the period between the date of incorporation of a company and its first balance date;

(b) the period between any 2 balance dates of a company.

126 Application

(1) This section and sections 127 to 129 apply to a company in respect of an accounting period if:

(a) it is registered as a public company at any time during that accounting period; or

(b) the company’s rules require it to appoint an auditor in respect of that accounting period; or

(c) a shareholder or shareholders holding shares that together carry the right to receive more than 20% of distributions made by the company give written notice to the company before the end of the accounting period requiring the financial statements of the company for that period to be audited: or

(d) it is registered as a community company at any time during that accounting period; or

(e) is a private company in which the Government of Vanuatu has a shareholding; or

(f) is a private company with an annual turnover exceeding VT50 million.

(2) If this section and sections 127 to 129 apply to a company in respect of an accounting period, but do not apply in respect of a subsequent accounting period, then:

(a) the financial statements of the company for the accounting period in respect of which this section applies must be audited; and

(b) the directors may give notice to all shareholders within 4 months of the commencement of a subsequent accounting period that this section and sections 127 to 129 no longer apply to the company, and that the auditor will cease to hold office unless a notice is given by shareholders under subsection (1) (c) by a date specified in the notice, which must be not less than 30 working days from the date on which the notice is given; and

(c) if a notice has been given under paragraph (b), and no notice under subsection (1)(c) is received by the company by the date specified in that notice, the auditor ceases to hold office on the later of:

(i) the date specified in the notice; or

(ii) the date on which the audit of the financial statements of the company for the previous accounting period is completed.

127 Appointment of auditor

(1) A company to which this section applies must appoint an auditor:

(a) to hold office as auditor until the auditor ceases to hold office under section 128; and

(b) to audit the financial statements of the company.

(2) A company must appoint an auditor:

(a) within 60 working days of the date on which this section first applies to the company;

(b) within 60 working days of any vacancy arising in the office of auditor.

128 When auditor ceases to hold office

An auditor ceases to hold office if he or she:

(a) ceases to hold office under subsection 126(2); or

(b) resigns by delivering a written notice of resignation to the registered office of the company not less than 20 working days before the date on which the notice is expressed to be effective; or

(d) is replaced as auditor by an ordinary resolution appointing another person as auditor in his or her place, following notice to the auditor in accordance with subsection 131(2); or

(e) dies.

129 Court may appoint auditor on request of shareholder

(1) The Court may, at the request of any shareholder, appoint an auditor if:

(a) this section applies to a company; and

(b) the company has neglected or failed to appoint an auditor.

(2) If the Court appoints an auditor, the Court may determine the fees to be paid by the company to the auditor.

(3) Any fees determined by the Court may be recovered as if they were provided for in a contract between the company and the auditor.

130 Qualifications of auditor

(1) A person must not be appointed or act as an auditor of a company unless:

(a) the person is entitled to practise as an accountant in Vanuatu, and meets any further requirements in respect of practice as an auditor in Vanuatu that may be prescribed by regulations made under this Act; or

(b) if the audit is to be carried out outside Vanuatu, the person meets all requirements to act as an auditor in the country, state, or territory in which the audit is to be carried out, and:

(i) the person is a member, fellow, or associate of an association of accountants constituted outside Vanuatu; or

(ii) the person has been approved for the relevant period for the purposes of this section by the Registrar by public notice.

(2) The following persons must not be appointed or act as auditor of a company:

(a) a director or secretary or employee of the company, or any other person responsible for keeping the accounting records of the company;

(b) a person who is a partner, or in the employment, of a person referred to in paragraph (a);

(d) a corporation;

(e) a person who, by virtue of any of paragraphs (a) to (c), may not be appointed or act as auditor of a related company.

(3) For the purposes of this Act, the Auditor General is deemed to be qualified as an auditor of a company.

131 Statement by auditor in relation to resignation or removal

(1) If an auditor resigns from office, the directors must, if requested to do so by that auditor,:

(a) distribute to all shareholders, at the expense of the company, a written statement of the auditor’s reasons for resigning; or

(b) permit the auditor or his or her representative to explain at a shareholders’ meeting the reasons for the resignation.

(2) A company must not appoint a new auditor in the place of an auditor who is qualified to hold that office, unless:

(a) at least 20 working days’ written notice of a proposal to do so has been given to the auditor; and

(b) the auditor has been given a reasonable opportunity to make representations to the shareholders on the appointment of another person either in writing or by the auditor or his or her representative speaking at a shareholders’ meeting (whichever the auditor may choose).

(3) An auditor is entitled to be paid reasonable fees and expenses by the company for making the representations to shareholders referred to in subsections (1) or (2).

132 Auditor to avoid conflict of interest

An auditor of a company must ensure, in carrying out the duties of an auditor under this Part, that his or her judgment is not impaired by reason of any relationship with, or interest in, the company or any related company.

133 Auditor’s report

The auditor of a company to which sections 126 to 129 apply, must make a report to the shareholders on the financial statements audited by him or her that states:

(a) the work done by the auditor; and

(b) the scope and limitations of the audit; and

(c) the existence of any relationship (other than that of auditor) that the auditor has with, or any interests that the auditor has in, the company or any related company; and

(d) whether the auditor has obtained all information and explanations that he or she has required; and

(e) whether, in the auditor’s opinion, as far as appears from an examination of them, proper accounting records have been kept by the company; and

(f) whether, in the auditor’s opinion and having regard to any information or explanations that may have been added by the company, the financial statements:

(i) give a true and fair view of the matters to which they relate; and

(ii) comply with any applicable regulations made under this Act,

and, if they do not, the respects in which they fail to give such a view or comply with such requirements, as the case may be; and

(g) any other matter prescribed for the purposes of this section by regulations made under this Act.

134 Access to information

(1) The director of a company must ensure that the auditor of the company has access at all reasonable times to the accounting records and other documents of the company.

(2) An auditor of a company is entitled to require from a director or employee of the company such information and explanations that he or she thinks necessary for the performance of his or her duties as auditor.

(3) If the director of a company fails to comply with subsection (1), the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

(4) A director or employee who fails to comply with subsection (2) commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

(5) It is a defence to an employee charged with an offence under subsection (4) if the employee proves that:

(a) he or she did not have the information required in his or her possession or under his or her control; or

(b) by reason of the position occupied by him or her or the duties assigned to him or her, he or she was unable to give the explanations required.

135 Auditor’s attendance at shareholders’ meeting

(1) A director of a company must ensure that an auditor of the company:

(a) is permitted to attend a meeting of shareholders of the company; and

(b) receives the notices and communications that a shareholder is entitled to receive relating to meetings and resolutions of shareholders; and

(c) may be heard at a meeting of shareholders that he or she attends on any part of the business of the meeting that concerns him or her as auditor.

(2) If the director of a company fails to comply with subsection (1), the director, or if the company has more than 1 director, each director is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

PART 8 AMALGAMATIONS

136 Amalgamations

With the exception of a Community Company incorporated under this Act, any 2 or more companies may amalgamate and continue to operate as 1 company, in accordance with Schedule 6.

PART 9 OFFERS OF SECURITIES TO THE PUBLIC

137 Meaning of advertisement

In this Part , unless the context otherwise requires,

advertisement means a form of communication:

(a) that:

(i) contains or refers to an offer of debt or equity securities to the public; or

(ii) is reasonably likely to induce persons to subscribe for debt or equity securities of an issuer, being securities to which the communication relates and that have been, or are to be, offered to the public; and

(b) that is authorised or instigated by, or on behalf of, the issuer of the debt or equity securities or prepared with the co-operation of, or by arrangement with, the issuer of the securities; and

138 Misleading or deceptive conduct generally

(1) A person must not engage in conduct in relation to any advertisement and generally for any debt and equity securities or any dealings in debt and equity securities that is misleading or deceptive or likely to mislead or deceive.

(2) To avoid doubt, this section applies to all dealings in debt and equity securities including trading.

(3) A person who contravenes this section is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by imprisonment for not more than 5 years, or a fine not exceeding VT500,000, or both.

(4) A person who suffers loss or damage as a result of a contravention of this section, may apply to the Court for a civil remedy in damages as against the issuer, or the company and the directors jointly and severally at the time of the promulgation of the advertisement.

PART 10 REMOVAL OF COMPANIES FROM REGISTER

139 Removal from register

A company is removed from the Vanuatu register when a notice signed by the Registrar stating that the company is removed from the Vanuatu register is registered under this Act.

140 Grounds for removal from register

Subject to section 142, the Registrar must remove a company from the Vanuatu register if:

(a) the company fails to file its annual return within a period of 6 months after the date allocated; or

(b) the company has been put into liquidation, and the prescribed documents confirming that the liquidation of the company has been completed have not been sent or delivered to the Registrar within 6 months after the completion of the liquidation; or

(c) there is sent or delivered to the Registrar a request that the company be removed from the Vanuatu register on either of the grounds specified in section 141 made by:

(i) a shareholder or any other person authorised to make the request by a special resolution of shareholders entitled to vote and voting on the question; or

(ii) a director or any other person, if the rules of the company so require or permit; or

(d) a liquidator sends or delivers to the Registrar the prescribed documents confirming that the liquidation of the company has been completed.

141 Request for company to be removed from register

A request that a company be removed from the Vanuatu register under paragraph 140(c) may be made on the grounds that the company:

(a) has ceased to carry on business, has discharged in full its liabilities to all its known creditors, and has distributed its surplus assets in accordance with its rules and this Act; or

(b) has no surplus assets after paying its debts in full or in part, and no creditor has applied to the Court for an order putting the company into liquidation.

**142 Requirement to be met before company must be removed from register **

The Registrar must remove a company from the Vanuatu register under paragraph 140(c), or (d), only if the Registrar is satisfied that no person has objected to the removal under section 144.

143 Notice of intention to remove

(1) If a company is to be removed from the Vanuatu register under paragraph 140(b), the Registrar must give public notice.

(2) If a company is to be removed from the Vanuatu register under paragraph 140(c) or (d), the applicant, or the liquidator, as the case may be, must give public notice.

144 Objection to removal from Vanuatu register

(1) If a notice is given of an intention to remove a company from the Vanuatu register, any person may apply to the Court, not later than the date specified in the notice, and lodge a notice of objection to the removal on any 1 or more of the following grounds:

(a) that the company is still carrying on business or there is other reason for it to continue in existence;

(b) that the company is a party to legal proceedings;

(d) that the person is a creditor, or a shareholder, or a person who has an undischarged claim against the company;

(e) that the person believes that there exists, and intends to pursue, a right of action on behalf of the company under Part 6;

(f) that, for any other reason, it would not be just and equitable to remove the company from the Vanuatu register.

(2) For the purposes of paragraph (1)(d):

(a) a claim by a creditor against a company is not an undischarged claim if:

(i) the claim has been paid in full; or

(ii) the claim has been paid in part under a compromise entered into under Division 1 of Part 2 of the Companies (Insolvency and Receiverships) Act No. of 2012 or by being otherwise compounded to the reasonable satisfaction of the creditor; or

(iii) the claim has been paid in full or in part by a receiver or a liquidator in the course of a completed receivership or liquidation; or

(iv) a receiver or a liquidator has notified the creditor that the assets of the company are not sufficient to enable any payment to be made to the creditor; and

(b) a claim by a shareholder or any other person against a company is not an undischarged claim if:

(i) payment has been made to the shareholder or that person in accordance with a right under the company’s rules to receive a share in the company’s surplus assets; or

(ii) a receiver or liquidator has notified the shareholder or that person that the company has no surplus assets.

145 Powers of Court

On an application for an order under section 144, the Court may make an order that the company is not to be removed from the Vanuatu register if the Court is satisfied that the company should not be removed from the Vanuatu register on any of those grounds stated in subsection 144(1).

146 Property of company removed from register

(1) Any property that has not been distributed or disclaimed immediately before the removal of a company from the Vanuatu register, vests in the Government with effect from the removal of the company from the Vanuatu register.

(2) For the purposes of this section, property of the former company includes leasehold property and all other rights vested in or held on trust for the former company.

(3) Despite subsection (2), property of a former company does not include property held by the former company on trust for any other person.

(4) The Minister must, immediately, upon becoming aware of the vesting of the property, give public notice of the vesting, setting out the name of the former company and details of the property.

(5) If property is vested in the Government under this section, a person who would have been entitled to receive all or part of the property, or payment from the proceeds of its realisation, if it had been in the hands of the company immediately before the removal of the company from the Vanuatu register, or any other person claiming through that person, may apply to the Court for an order:

(a) vesting all or part of the property in that person; or

(b) for payment to that person by the Government of compensation of an amount not greater than the value of the property.

(6) On an application made under subsection (5), the Court may:

(a) decide any question concerning the value of the property, the entitlement of any applicant to the property or to compensation, and the apportionment of the property or compensation among 2 or more applicants; or

(b) order that the hearing of 2 or more applications be consolidated; or

(c) order that an application be treated as an application on behalf of all persons, or all members of a class of persons, with an interest in the property; or

(d) make an ancillary order.

(7) Compensation ordered to be paid under subsection (5) must be paid out of the Vanuatu Government Account without further appropriation than this section.

147 Disclaimer of property by Government

(1) The Minister may, by notice in writing, disclaim the Government’s title to property vesting in the Government, if the property is onerous property.

(2) The Minister must immediately give public notice of the disclaimer.

(3) Property that is disclaimed under this section is deemed not to have vested in the Government.

(4) Subject to a Court order, the Minister may not disclaim property unless:

(a) the property is disclaimed within 12 months after the vesting of the property in the Government first comes to the notice of the Minister; or

(b) before the expiry of that 12 month period, any person gives notice in writing to the Minister requiring the Minister to elect, before the close of such date as stated in the notice, not being a date that is less than 60 working days after the date on which the notice is received by the Minister, whether to disclaim the property, the property is disclaimed before the close of that date.

(5) A statement in a notice disclaiming property under this section that the vesting of the property in the Government first came to the notice of the Minister on a specified date is, in the absence of proof to the contrary, evidence of the fact stated.

(6) For the purposes of this section, onerous property means:

(a) an unprofitable contract; or

(b) property of the company that is unsaleable, or not readily saleable, or which may give rise to a liability to pay money or perform an onerous act.

148 Effect of disclaimer

(1) A disclaimer under section 147:

(a) brings to an end on and from the date of the disclaimer the rights, interests, and liabilities of the Government in relation to the property disclaimed; and

(b) does not, except so far as necessary to release the Government from a liability, affect the rights or liabilities of any other person.

(2) A person suffering loss or damage as a result of a disclaimer under section 147 may:

(a) claim as a creditor of the company for the amount of the loss or damage, taking account of the effect of any order made by the Court under paragraph (2)(b); or

(b) apply to the Court for an order that the disclaimed property be delivered to or vested in that person.

(3) The Court may make an order under paragraph (2)(b) if it is satisfied that it is just that the property should be vested in the applicant.

149 Liability of directors, shareholders, and others to continue

The removal of a company from the Vanuatu register does not affect the liability of any former director or shareholder of the company or any other person in respect of any act or omission that took place before the company was removed from the Vanuatu register and that liability continues and may be enforced as if the company had not been removed from the Vanuatu register.

150 Restoration of removed company to Vanuatu register

(1) The Registrar may, on the application of a person referred to in subsection (3), restore a company that has been removed from the Vanuatu register under paragraph 140(a).

(2) The Court may, on the application of a person referred to in subsection (3), order that a company that has been removed from the Vanuatu register be restored to the Vanuatu register if it is satisfied that,:

(a) at the time the company was removed from the Vanuatu register:

(i) the company was still carrying on business or other reason existed for the company to continue in existence; or

(ii) the company was a party to legal proceedings; or

(iii) the company was in receivership, or liquidation,; or

(iv) the applicant was a creditor, or a shareholder, or a person who had an undischarged claim against the company; or

(v) the applicant believed that a right of action existed, or intended to pursue a right of action, on behalf of the company under Part 6; or

(b) for any other reason that it is just and equitable to restore the company to the Vanuatu register.

(3) The following persons may make an application under subsection (1) or (2):

(a) a person who, at the time the company was removed from the Vanuatu register:

(i) was a shareholder or director of the company; or

(ii) was a creditor of the company; or

(iii) was a party to any legal proceedings against the company; or

(iv) had an undischarged claim against the company; or

(v) was the liquidator, or a receiver of the property of, the company;

(b) the Registrar;

(4) Before the Court makes an order restoring a company to the Vanuatu register under this section, it may require any provisions of this Act or any other Act or any regulations made under this Act or under any other Act, being provisions with which the company had failed to comply before it was removed from the Vanuatu register, to be complied with.

(5) The Court may give any directions or make any orders that may be necessary or desirable for the purpose of placing the company and any other persons as nearly as possible in the same position as if the company had not been removed from the Vanuatu register.

151 Restoration to register

(1) A company is restored to the Vanuatu register when a notice signed by the Registrar stating that the company is restored to the Vanuatu register is registered under this Act.

(2) A company that is restored to the Vanuatu register is deemed to have continued in existence as if it had not been removed from the register.

152 Vesting of property in company on restoration to register

(1) Subject to this section, property of a company that is, at the time the company is restored to the Vanuatu register, vested in the Government pursuant to section 146, vests in the company on its restoration to the Vanuatu register as if the company had not been removed from the Vanuatu register.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to any property vested in the Government under section 146, if the Court has made an order for the payment of compensation to a person under paragraph 146(4)(b) in respect of that property.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to land or any estate or interest in land that is vested in the Government, if transmission to the Government of the land or that estate or interest in land has been registered under the Land Leases Act [CAP 163] or the Strata Titles Act [CAP 266].

(4) If transmission to the Government of land or any estate or interest in land that is vested in the Government under section 147 has been registered under the Land Leases Act [CAP 163] or the Strata Titles Act [CAP 266], the Court may, on the application of the company, make an order:

(a) for the transfer of the land or the estate or interest to the company; or

(b) for the payment by the Government to the company of compensation:

(i) of an amount not greater than the value of the land or the estate or interest as at the date of registration of the transmission; or

(ii) if the land or the estate or interest has been sold or contracted to be sold, of an amount equal to the net amount received or receivable from the sale.

(5) On an application under subsection (4), the Court may decide any question concerning the value of the land or the estate or interest.

(6) Compensation ordered to be paid under subsection (4) must be paid out of the Vanuatu Government Account without further appropriation than this section.

PART 11 OVERSEAS COMPANIES

153 Meaning of carrying on business

For the purposes of this Part:

(a) a reference to an overseas company carrying on business in Vanuatu includes a reference to the overseas company:

(i) establishing or using a share transfer office or a share registration office in Vanuatu; or

(ii) administering, managing, or dealing with property in Vanuatu as an agent, or personal representative, or trustee, and whether through its employees or an agent or in any other manner;

(b) an overseas company does not carry on business in Vanuatu merely because in Vanuatu it:

(i) is or becomes a party to a legal proceeding or settles a legal proceeding or a claim or dispute; or

(ii) holds meetings of its directors or shareholders or carries on other activities concerning its internal affairs; or

(iii) maintains a bank account; or

(iv) effects a sale of property through an independent contractor; or

(v) solicits or procures an order that becomes a binding contract only if the order is accepted outside Vanuatu; or

(vi) creates evidence of a debt or creates a charge on property; or

(vii) secures or collects any of its debts or enforces its rights in relation to securities relating to those debts; or

(viii) conducts an isolated transaction that is completed within a period of 30 working days, not being one of a number of similar transactions repeated from time to time; or

(ix) invests its funds or holds property.

154 Name must comply with section 10

(1) An overseas company must not carry on business in Vanuatu on or after the commencement of this Act under a name that could not be registered under section 10.

(2) If an overseas company contravenes this section, the company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

155 Overseas companies to register under this Act

(1) An overseas company that, on or after the commencement of this Act, commences to carry on business in Vanuatu must:

(a) comply with any requirements under the laws of Vanuatu; and

(b) apply for registration under this Part in accordance with section 157 within 20 working days of commencing to carry on business.

(2) An overseas company that, immediately before the commencement of this Act, was carrying on business in Vanuatu and, on the commencement of this Act, continues to carry on business in Vanuatu, is deemed to be registered under this Part.

(3) An overseas company that changes its name must send or deliver to the Registrar a notice in the prescribed form of the change of name within 10 working days of the change of name.

(4) If an overseas company fails to comply with this section, the overseas company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

156 Validity of transactions not affected

A failure by an overseas company to comply with sections 154 or 155 does not affect the validity or enforceability of any transaction entered into by the overseas company.

157 Application for registration

(1) An application for registration of an overseas company under this Part must be delivered to the Registrar and must be:

(a) in the prescribed form; and

(b) signed by or on behalf of the overseas company.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), the application must:

(a) state the name of the overseas company; and

(b) state the full names and physical addresses and postal addresses of the directors of the overseas company at the date of the application; and

(c) state the full address of the place of business in Vanuatu of the overseas company or, if the overseas company has more than 1 place of business in Vanuatu, the full address of the principal place of business in Vanuatu of the overseas company; and

(d) state the postal address in Vanuatu of the overseas company; and

(e) have attached evidence of incorporation of the overseas company, and, if not in English or French, a certified translation of that document; and

(f) state the full name of one or more persons resident or incorporated in Vanuatu who are authorised to accept service in Vanuatu of documents on behalf of the overseas company, and the postal address and physical or business address of each those persons; and

(g) have attached any other documents which may be required under the laws of Vanuatu.

158 Registration of overseas company

(1) If the Registrar receives a properly completed application for registration under this Part of an overseas company, the Registrar must immediately register the overseas company on the Vanuatu register.

**(4)*8 If the Registrar receives a notice of a change of name of an overseas company in accordance with subsection 155(3), the Registrar must register the change of name on the Vanuatu register.

159 Use of name by overseas company

An overseas company that carries on business in Vanuatu must ensure that its full name, and the name of the country where it was incorporated, are clearly stated in:

(a) written communications sent by, or on behalf of, the company; and

(b) documents issued or signed by, or on behalf of, the company that evidence or create a legal obligation of the company.

160 Further information to be provided by overseas company

(1) An overseas company that carries on business in Vanuatu must ensure that, within 20 working days of the change, notice in the prescribed form is given to the Registrar of:

(a) a change in the directors or in the names or physical addresses or postal addresses of the directors of the overseas company; or

(b) a change in the address of the place of business or principal place of business of the overseas company; or

(d) a change in any person or in the postal address or physical or business address of any person authorised to accept service in Vanuatu of documents on behalf of the overseas company.

(2) If an overseas company fails to comply with subsections (1), the overseas company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

161 Annual return of overseas company

(1) An overseas company that carries on business in Vanuatu must ensure that the Registrar receives each year, during the month allocated to the overseas company for the purposes of this section, an annual return in the prescribed form confirming that the information on the Vanuatu register in respect of the overseas company referred to in the return is correct at the date of the return.

(2) The annual return must be dated as at a day within the month during which the return is required to be received by the Registrar.

(3) On registration of an overseas company under this Part, the Registrar must allocate a month to the company for the purposes of this section.

(4) The Registrar may, by written notice to an overseas company, alter the month allocated to the company under subsection (3).

(5) Despite subsection (1), an overseas company that is deemed to be registered under this Part does not need to make an annual return in the calendar year of its registration under this Part.

(6) If an overseas company fails to comply with subsections (1) or (2), the company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

162 Overseas company ceasing to carry on business in Vanuatu

(1) An overseas company that intends to cease to carry on business in Vanuatu must:

(a) give public notice of that intention; and

(b) give notice to the Registrar in the prescribed form stating the date on which it will cease to carry on business in Vanuatu.

(2) The Registrar must remove an overseas company from the Vanuatu register as soon as practicable after:

(a) the date specified in the notice given in accordance with paragraph (1)(b); or

(b) receipt of a written notice given by a liquidator that the liquidation of the assets in Vanuatu of the overseas company has been completed.

163 Attorneys of overseas companies

A declaration endorsed on or annexed to a document appointing, or appearing to appoint, an attorney of an overseas company, made or appearing to be made by one of the directors before a person authorised to take a sworn statement for use in Vanuatu, in the country concerned, to the effect that:

(c) the company is incorporated under the name stated in the document in accordance with the law of the country in which it is so incorporated, the name of which is stated in the declaration; and

(d) the document has been executed, and the powers appearing to be conferred on the attorney are authorised to be conferred under the constitution of the company, or under the Act or document under which the company is incorporated, or by any other document constituting or defining the constitution of the company; and

(e) the person making the declaration is a director of the company:

is conclusive evidence of those facts.

164 Exemption from requirements of this Part

The Minister, may by Order make regulations to:

(a) provide for any class or classes of overseas company to be exempted from the application of any or all of the requirements of this Part; or

(b) modify the application of this Part to any class or classes of overseas companies, on the terms and conditions as may be prescribed in the regulations.

PART 12 COMMUNITY COMPANIES

**165 Incorporation of a community company **

(1) A private company may be registered as a community company under this Act if the company has as its principal objective, the promotion of the community interest.

(2) An application for registration of a community company must be completed under section 6 and must state the community interest the community company intends to promote.

(3) The provisions which relate to private companies under this Act are to apply to community companies except where inconsistent with this Part.

(4) A company which has as its principal objective, the promotion of a political purpose may not be registered as a community company under this Act.

(5) A shareholder of a community company must be a member of the relevant community and the shareholder holds the share or shares on trust for the community and is accountable to the community.

166 Meaning of community interest

For the purposes of this Act,

community interest means any community interest which benefits the community and which a reasonable person might consider that it is being carried on for the benefit of the community.

community means a group of individuals who share a readily identifiable characteristic.

167 Restrictions on distributions, dividends and loans

(1) Community companies under this Act must not make distributions or pay dividends to shareholders.

(2) Community companies under this Act must not make loans to directors or shareholders.

168 Asset- lock and use of assets of a community company

(1) The assets of a community company may be used in the ordinary course of business subject to the provisions of this Act and any restrictions which may be stated in the rules of the community company.

(2) All assets of a community company may only be disposed of:

(a) in the ordinary course of business; or

(b) for full consideration and with the approval of 75% of all registered shareholders.

(3) Any disposition under subsection (2) may only be approved by registered shareholders after the proposed disposition has been outlined to all members of the community as defined in section 166.

(4) Any disposition of assets made in contravention of this section is voidable by the community company.

(5) For the avoidance of doubt sections 107 to 109 of this Act apply to community companies.

169 Community Company Reports

(1) The director of a community company must prepare, in respect of each financial year, a report about the company’s activities during the financial year.

(2) A community company report must contain:

(a) information about the remuneration of directors; and

(b) a fair and accurate description of the manner in which the company’s activities during the year have benefited the community; and

(c) a description of the manner in which the company has consulted with the community during the course of the year and the outcome of these consultations; and

(d) if any assets have been disposed of other than in the ordinary course of business, the details of the transaction.

PART 13 REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES

Division 1 Registrar

170 Registrar

The Minister is to appoint a person to hold office as Registrar of Companies.

171 Deputy Registrars

(1) The Registrar may appoint as many Deputy Registrars of Companies as may be necessary for the purposes of this Act.

(2) Subject to the control of the Registrar, a Deputy Registrar has and may exercise the powers, duties, and functions of the Registrar under this Act.

(3) The fact that a Deputy Registrar exercises those powers, duties, or functions is conclusive evidence of his or her authority to do so.

172 Transitional

The person holding office as Registrar of Companies under the Companies Act [CAP 191] immediately before the commencement of this Act is deemed to have been appointed as Registrar of Companies.

173 Notices in general

Section 206 applies, with the necessary modifications, to the giving of notices by the Registrar.

174 Notices to individuals

(1) A notice that the Registrar is required by this Act to give to an individual, must be given in writing and in a manner that the Registrar considers appropriate in the circumstances.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), the Registrar may give notice to an individual by:

(a) having it delivered to that person; or

(b) posting it to that person at his or her last known postal address; or

(d) having it published in a newspaper or other publication in circulation in the area where that person lives or is believed to live.

175 Admissibility of notices given by Registrar

A document is admissible in legal proceedings if the document:

(a) appears to be a copy of a notice given by the Registrar; and

(b) is certified by the Registrar, or by a person authorised by the Registrar, as having been derived from a device or facility that records or stores information electronically or by other means.

176 Registrar may require information and copies of documents

(1) The Registrar may give notice to a company requiring that company to provide, by the date specified in the notice:

(a) corrected or updated details of any matter entered on any of the registers for that company; or

(b) a certified copy of any document that has been or ought to have been delivered to the Registrar for registration under this Act, or under any other Act for that company.

(2) The date specified in the notice must not be less than 10 working days from the date on which the notice is sent to the company.

(3) If a company fails to comply with a notice given under subsection (1), the company commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

(4) In this section and section 177, company is taken to include an overseas company.

177 Registrar may amend register

If information provided to the Registrar by a company under section 176 differs from the information shown on any of the registers for that company, the Registrar may amend the registers accordingly.

178 Registrar’s powers of inspection

(1) A director, shareholder, creditor or aggrieved person may apply to the Court to request the Registrar to exercise the powers specified in this Act.

(2) The Registrar, in complying with the Court order referred to in subsection (1), may do any of the following:

(a) require a person, including a person carrying on the business of banking, to produce for inspection relevant documents within that person’s possession or control; or

(b) inspect and take copies of relevant documents; or

(c) take possession of relevant documents and remove them from the place where they are kept, and retain them for a reasonable time, for the purpose of taking copies; or

(d) retain relevant documents for a period that is, in all the circumstances reasonable, if there are reasonable grounds for believing that they are evidence of the commission of an offence.

(3) A person who fails to comply with paragraph (2)(a) is guity of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

(4) In this section,

company includes an overseas company;

relevant document, in relation to a company, means a document that contains information relating to:

(a) the company; or

(b) money or other property that is, or has been, managed, supervised, controlled, or held in trust by or for the company.

179 Registrar not to be obstructed

(1) A person must not obstruct or hinder the Registrar, or a person authorised by the Registrar, while exercising a power conferred by section 178.

(2) A person who fails to comply with subsection (1) is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

180 Certain Acts not affected by Registrar’s power of inspection

Sections 178 and 179 do not limit or affect any powers of inspection provided under any Tax legislation.

181 Disclosure of information and reports

(1) A person authorised by the Registrar for the purpose of section 178 must, if directed to do so by the Registrar, give the following documents, information, or reports to the persons described in subsection (2):

(a) any document or information obtained in the course of making an inspection under that section; or

(b) any report prepared in relation to an inspection under that section.

(2) The persons referred to in subsection (1) are:

(a) the Minister; or

(b) any person authorised by the Registrar to receive the document, information, or report for the purposes of, or in connection with, the exercise of powers conferred by this Act; or

(d) any person authorised by the Registrar to receive the document, information, or report for the purposes of detecting or investigating offences against any Act.

(3) A person who fails to comply with this section is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

182 Information and report to be given to Registrar

(1) A person authorised by the Registrar for the purposes of section 178 must supply the following documents, information, or reports to the Registrar or a Deputy Registrar when directed to do so:

(a) any document or information obtained in the course of making an inspection under that section; or

(b) any report prepared in relation to an inspection under that section.

(2) A person who fails to comply with this section commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

183 Restrictions on disclosing information

(1) A person authorised by the Registrar for the purposes of section 178 must not disclose any of the documents, information, or reports referred to in that section except:

(a) in accordance with that section; or

(b) subject to the approval of the Registrar, with the consent of the person to whom it relates; or

(c) subject to the approval of the Registrar, for the purposes of, or in connection with, the exercise of powers conferred by this Act; or

(d) to the extent that the information, or information contained in the document or report, is available under any Act or in a public document; or

(e) subject to the approval of the Registrar, to a liquidator for the purposes of the liquidation of a company or the assets of an overseas company; or

(f) in the course of criminal proceedings; or

(g) subject to the approval of the Registrar, for the purpose of detecting offences against any Act.

(2) A person who fails to comply with this section commits an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding VT25,000.

184 Inspection report admissible in liquidation proceedings

Despite any other Act or Regulation, a report prepared by a person in relation to an inspection carried out by him or her under section 178, is admissible as evidence at the hearing of an application to the Court to appoint a liquidator.

185 Appeals

(1) A person who is aggrieved by an act or decision of the Registrar under this Act may appeal to the Court within 15 working days after the date of notification of the act or decision, or within any further time that the Court may allow.

(2) On hearing the appeal, the Court may:

(a) approve the Registrar’s act or decision; or

(b) give any directions that the Court thinks fit; or

186 Exercise of inspection power not affected by appeal

Subject to section 187, but despite any other provision of any Act or Regulations, if a person appeals or applies to the Court in relation to an act or decision of the Registrar or a person authorised by the Registrar under section 178, until a decision on the appeal or application is given:

(a) the Registrar, or that person, may continue to exercise the powers under that section as if no such appeal or application had been made; and

(b) no person is excused from fulfilling an obligation under that section by reason of that appeal or application.

187 Destruction and admissibility of Registrar’s documents

If an appeal or application to which section 186 applies is allowed or granted, as the case may be:

(a) the Registrar must ensure that, immediately after the decision of the Court is given, any copy of a document taken or retained by the Registrar or by a person authorised by the Registrar in respect of that act or decision, is destroyed; and

(b) no information acquired under that section in relation to that act or decision is admissible in evidence in any proceedings unless the Court hearing the proceedings in which it is sought to adduce the evidence is satisfied it was not obtained unfairly.

Division 2 Register kept by Registrar

188 Register

(1) The Registrar is to ensure that a register of companies is kept in a place located in Vanuatu or overseas that the Registrar determines from time to time.

(2) The register may be kept in any manner that the Registrar thinks fit including, either wholly or partly, by means of a device or facility:

(a) that records or stores information electronically or by other means; and

(b) that permits the information so recorded or stored to be readily inspected or reproduced in usable form.

189 Inspection of register

(1) A person may, on payment of a prescribed fee, inspect:

(a) a registered document that is part of the register referred to in subsection 188(1) (registered document); or

(b) details of any registered document that have been entered on any device or facility referred to in subsection 188(2); or

(2) The inspection must take place during the hours when the office of the Registrar is open to the public for the transaction of business on a working day.

190 Certified copies

A person may, on payment of a prescribed fee, require the Registrar to give or certify:

(a) a certificate of incorporation of a company; or

(b) a copy of, or extract from, a registered document; or

(c) details of any registered document that have been entered in any device or facility referred to in subsection 188(2); or

(d) a copy of, or extract from, a registered document details of which have been entered in any such device or facility.

191 Registration of documents

As soon as a document is received for registration under this Act, the Registrar must:

(a) subject to section 192, register the document in the register; and

(b) in the case of a document that is not an annual return, give written advice of the registration to the person from whom the document was received.

192 Rejection of documents

(1) The Registrar may refuse to register a document that:

(a) is not in the prescribed form, if any; or

(b) does not comply with this Act or regulations made under this Act; or

(d) if the relevant register is kept wholly or partly by means of a device or facility referred to in section 188(2), is not in a form that enables details to be entered directly by electronic or other means in the device or facility; or

(e) has not been properly completed; or

(f) contains material that is not clearly legible; or

(g) is not accompanied by the prescribed fee.

(2) If subsection (1) applies, the Registrar may require either that:

(a) the document is submitted for registration again, appropriately amended or completed, or accompanied by the prescribed fee; or

(b) a fresh document is submitted in its place.

193 When document registered

For the purposes of this Act, a document is registered when:

(a) the document itself becomes part of the register to which it relates; or

(b) details of the document including the time and date of its registration are entered in any device or facility referred to in subsection 188(2).

194 No presumption of validity or invalidity

The registration, or refusal of registration of a document by the Registrar does not affect or create a presumption as to, the validity or invalidity of the document or the correctness or otherwise of the information contained in it.

PART 14 MISCELLANEOUS

Division 1 Offences

195 Proceedings for offences

(1) Despite anything to the contrary in the Criminal Procedure Code [CAP 136], any information for an offence under this Act may be laid at any time within 3 years after the date of that offence.

(2) This Act does not affect the liability of any person under any other Act, but no person may be convicted of an offence against this Act and any other Act in respect of the same conduct.

196 False or misleading statements on documents

(1) A person who, with respect to a document required by or for the purposes of this Act:

(a) makes, or authorises the making of, a statement in it that is false or misleading in a material particular knowing it to be false or misleading; or

(b) omits, or authorises the omission from it of, any matter knowing that the omission makes the document false or misleading in a material particular,

is guilty of an offence.

(2) A director or employee of a company who

(a) makes or provides; or

(b) authorises or permits the making or providing of;

a false or misleading statement or report that relates to the affairs of the company especially in a material particular, to:

(i) a director, employee, auditor, shareholder, debenture holder, or trustee for debenture holders of the company; or

(ii) a liquidator, liquidation committee, or receiver or manager of property of the company; or

(iii) if the company is a subsidiary, a director, employee, or auditor of its holding company,

knowing it to be false or misleading, is guilty of an offence.

(3) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsections (1) or (2), is punishable on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to a fine not exceeding VT500,000, or both.

(4) For the purposes of this Act, a person who voted in favour of the making of a statement at a meeting is deemed to have authorised the making of the false or misleading statement.

197 Fraudulent use or destruction of company property

(1) A director, employee, or shareholder of a company who:

(a) fraudulently takes or applies property of the company for:

(i) his or her own use or benefit; or

(ii) for a use or for any other purpose other than the use or purpose of the company; or

(b) fraudulently conceals or destroys property of the company,

is guilty of an offence.

(2) A person who commits an offence under subsection (1), is punishable on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 7 years or to a fine not exceeding VT500,000, or both.

198 Falsification of records

(1) A director, employee, or shareholder of a company who, with intent to defraud or deceive a person:

(a) destroys, parts with, mutilates, alters, or falsifies, or is a party to the destruction, mutilation, alteration, or falsification of any register, accounting records, book, paper, or other document belonging or relating to the company; or

(b) makes, or is a party to the making of, a false entry in any register, accounting records, book, paper, or other document belonging or relating to the company,

is guilty of an offence.

(2) A person who, in relation to a mechanical, electronic, or other device used in connection with the keeping or preparation of any register, accounting or other records, index, book, paper, or other document for the purposes of a company or this Act:

(a) records or stores in the device, or makes available to a person from the device, matter that he or she knows to be false or misleading in a material particular; or

(b) with intent to falsify or render misleading any such register, accounting or other records, index, book, paper, or other document, destroys, removes, or falsifies any matter recorded or stored in the device, or fails or omits to record or store any matter in the device,

is guilty of an offence.

(3) A person who commits an offence under subsections (1) or (2) is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by imprisonment for not more than 7 years or to a fine not exceeding VT500,000, or both.

199 Carrying on business fraudulently

(1) A person who is knowingly a party to a company carrying on business with intent to defraud creditors of the company or any other person or for a fraudulent purpose, is guilty of an offence.

(2) A director of a company who:

(a) by false pretences or other fraud induces a person to give credit to the company; or

(b) with intent to defraud creditors of the company:

(i) gives, transfers, or causes a charge to be given on, property of the company to any person; or

(ii) causes property to be given or transferred to any person; or

(iii) caused or was a party to execution being levied against property of the company,

is guilty of an offence.

Division 2 Privileged Communications and Service of Documents

200 Privileged communications

(1) This Act does not require a legal practitioner to disclose a privileged communication.

(2) For the purposes of this Act, a communication is a privileged communication only if:

(a) it is a confidential communication, whether oral or written, passing between:

(i) a legal practitioner in his or her professional capacity and another legal practitioner in that capacity; or

(ii) a legal practitioner in his or her professional capacity and his or her client,

whether made directly or indirectly through an agent; and

(b) it is made or brought into existence for the purpose of obtaining or giving legal advice or assistance; and

(c) it is not made or brought into existence for the purpose of committing or furthering the commission of an illegal or wrongful act.

(3) If the information or document consists wholly of:

(a) payments, income, expenditure, or

(b) financial transactions of a specified person (whether a legal practitioner, his or her client, or any other person),

it is not a privileged communication if it is contained in, or comprises the whole or part of, a book, account, statement or other record prepared or kept by the legal practitioner in connection with a trust account of the legal practitioner.

(4) The Court may, on the application of any person, determine whether or not a claim of privilege is valid and may, for that purpose, require the information or document to be produced.

201 Service of documents on companies in legal proceedings

A document, including a writ, summons, notice, or order, in any legal proceedings may be served on a company as follows:

(a) by delivery to a person named as a director of the company on the Vanuatu register; or

(b) by delivery to an employee of the company at the company’s head office or principal place of business; or

(d) by serving it in accordance with any directions as to service given by the Court having jurisdiction in the proceedings; or

(e) in accordance with an agreement made with the company; or

(f) by serving it at an address for service given in accordance with the rules of the Court having jurisdiction in the proceedings or by such means as a solicitor has, in accordance with those rules, stated that the solicitor will accept service.

202 Service of other documents on companies

A document, other than a document in any legal proceeding, may be served on a company as follows:

(a) by any of the methods set out in paragraphs 201(a), (b), (c), or (e); or

(b) by posting it to the company’s postal address; or

203 Service of documents on overseas companies in legal proceedings

A document, including a writ, summons, notice, or order, in any legal proceedings, may be served on an overseas company in Vanuatu as follows:

(a) by delivery to a person named in the overseas register as a director of the overseas company and who is resident in Vanuatu; or

(b) by delivery to a person named in the overseas register as being authorised to accept service in Vanuatu of documents on behalf of the overseas company; or

(i) at the overseas company’s place of business in Vanuatu; or

(ii) if the overseas company has more than 1 place of business in Vanuatu, at the overseas company’s principal place of business in Vanuatu; or

(d) by serving it in accordance with any directions as to service given by the Court having jurisdiction in the proceedings; or

(e) in accordance with an agreement made with the overseas company.

204 Service of other documents on overseas companies

A document, other than a document in any legal proceedings, may be served on an overseas company as follows:

(a) by any of the methods set out in paragraph 203(a), (b), (c), or (e); or

(b) by posting it to the postal address in Vanuatu of the overseas company; or

(c) by posting it to the postal address of a person named in the overseas register as being authorised to accept service in Vanuatu of documents on behalf of the overseas company; or

(d) by faxing it to a fax number at the principal place of business in Vanuatu of the overseas company.

205 Service of documents on shareholders and creditors

(1) A notice, statement, report, accounts, or other document to be sent to a shareholder or creditor who is a natural person may be:

(a) delivered to that person; or

(b) posted to that person’s postal address; or

(2) A notice, statement, report, accounts, or other document to be sent to a shareholder or creditor that is a company or an overseas company, may be sent by any of the methods of serving documents referred to in section 202 or section 204, as the case may be.

(3) A notice, statement, report, accounts, or other document to be sent or given to a creditor that is a body corporate, not being a company or an overseas company, may be:

(a) delivered to a person who is a principal officer of the body corporate; or

(b) delivered to an employee of the body corporate at the principal office or principal place of business of the body corporate; or

(d) delivered in accordance with an agreement made with the body corporate; or

(e) posted to the postal address of the body corporate; or

(f) faxed to a fax number at the principal office or principal place of business of the body corporate.

206 Additional provisions relating to service

(1) Subject to subsection (2), for the purposes of sections 201 to 205:

(a) if a document is to be served by delivery to a natural person, service must be made:

(i) by handing the document to the person; or

(ii) if the person refuses to accept the document, by bringing it to the attention of, and leaving it in a place accessible to, that person;

(b) a document that is posted is deemed to be received 5 working days after it is posted;

(d) in proving service of a document by post, it is sufficient to prove that:

(i) the document was properly addressed; and

(ii) all postal or delivery charges were paid; and

(iii) the document was posted;

(e) in proving service of a faxed document, it is sufficient to prove that the document was properly faxed to the person concerned.

(2) A document is not to be deemed to have been served or sent or delivered to a person if that person proves that, through no fault on his or her part, the document was not received within the time specified.

Division 3 Regulation Making Powers

207 Regulations

(1) The Minister may by Order make regulations not inconsistent with this Act for the better carrying out or giving effect to the provisions of this Act.

(2) Without limiting the generality of subsection (1), the Minister may make regulations for any of the following purposes:

(a) prescribing fees or other amounts payable to the Registrar in respect of the performance of functions and the exercise of his or her powers under this Act;

(b) prescribing amounts payable to the Registrar by way of penalty for failure to deliver a document to the Registrar within the time prescribed by this Act;

(d) prescribing fees or other amounts payable to the Registrar of the Supreme Court in respect of any Court proceedings under this Act;

(e) prescribing forms (including Court forms) for the purposes of this Act, and the regulations may require:

(i) the inclusion in, or attachment to, forms of specified information or documents; and

(ii) forms to be signed by specified persons;

(f) prescribing requirements, not inconsistent with this Act, with which documents delivered for registration must comply;

(g) prescribing requirements which relate to the re-registration or removal of companies under the Act;

(h) regulating the financial reporting of a company, overseas company, or class of companies or overseas companies, including (without limitation);

(i) prescribing requirements in respect of the adoption by directors of a balance date for a company; and

(ii) regulating changes to the balance date of a company;

(i) prescribing requirements, not inconsistent with this Act, in relation to the form or content of financial statements, or any other matters in respect of financial statements, including (without limitation):

(i) prescribing different requirements in respect of different classes of company; and

(ii) requiring compliance with standards issued or published by a specified body or bodies, with or without modifications;

(j) providing for any class or classes of overseas company to be exempted from the application of any or all of the requirements of Part 11, or modifying the application of Part 11 to such overseas companies, on any terms and conditions;

(k) prescribing transitional and savings provisions relating to the coming into force of this Act;

(l) amending the model rules in Schedules 1, 2, 3 and 4;

(m) replacing all or any of the model rules in Schedules 1, 2, 3 and 4;

(n) specifying the class or classes of companies to which the amended model rules or replaced model rules will apply;

(o) specifying the date or occasion on which the amended model rules or replaced model rules take effect or will apply;

(p) without limiting paragraphs (2)(m) and (n) specifying whether the amended model rules or replaced model rules apply:

(i) to all companies to which the relevant model rules apply; or

(ii) only to companies incorporated after the date on which the amended model rules or replaced model rules take effect;

(q) providing for any other matters contemplated by this Act, necessary for its administration, or necessary for giving it full effect.

(3) The Registrar may refuse to perform a function or exercise a power until the prescribed fee or amount is paid.

(4) Any regulation made under subsection (2), may authorise the Registrar to waive, in whole or in part and on any conditions that may be prescribed, payment of any amount referred to in paragraph (2)(b).

(5) If the Registrar requires a company to change its name, no fee is payable in respect of an application to change the name of the company.

(6) A fee or amount payable to the Registrar is recoverable by the Registrar in any Court of competent jurisdiction as a debt due to the Government.

Division 4 Repeals and Transitional Provisions

208 Repeals, revocations and savings

(1) The Companies Act [CAP 191] is repealed.

(2) Despite subsection (1), the provisions of the Companies Act [CAP 191] which apply to the Prevention of Fraud (Investments) Act [CAP 70], continue to apply to that Act as if they were made or given under this Act.

(3) A reference in any other Act or instrument to the “Companies Act [CAP 191]” is taken to be a reference to the “the Companies Act No. of 2012”.

209 Re-registration of existing companies

(1) An existing company must apply for re-registration under this Act within 12 months from the date on which this Act commences.

(2) If an existing company does not re-register within the re-registration period provided under subsection (1), it will be removed from the register.

(3) A company that does not re-register within the re-registration period in must not carry on business until it is re-registered.

(4) The Registrar may serve written notices on companies relating to re-registration under this Act.

(5) The Registrar may extend the period for re-registration under this Act.

(6) The Registrar may restore a company that has failed to re-register under this Act and he or she may determine any notices that may be given and whether any fee is payable for such restoration.

(7) To avoid doubt, the re-registration of an existing company under this section does not:

(a) create a new legal entity; or

(b) affect the property, rights, or obligations of the company; or

(d) affect the liability of the company for any amounts payable by way of penalty or default in respect of matters that were required to be done by the company before the date on which this Act comes into force.

(8) An application for re-registration of an existing company is to be made to the Registrar in the prescribed form.

(9) When making an application for re-registration of a company, the applicant must specify in the application:

(a) the name of the company, which must comply with section 10; and

(b) whether the company is a private company or a public company; and

(d) the full name, physical address, and postal address of each director of the proposed company; and

(e) whether each person named as a director of the company has consented to act as a director of the company; and

(f) the full name of every shareholder of the proposed company, and the number of shares to be issued to every shareholder; and

(g) the registered office of the proposed company; and

(h) the postal address of the company, which may be the registered office or any other postal address.

(10) An application for re-registration must be accompanied by a copy of the rules of the company if they differ from the model rules.

(11) As soon as the Registrar receives an application for re-registration that complies with subsection (9) the Registrar must:

(a) enter the company on the Vanuatu register; and

(b) issue a certificate of re-registration in respect of the company in the prescribed form.

(12) A certificate of re-registration of a company issued under paragraph (11)(b) is conclusive evidence that:

(a) all the requirements as to re-registration have been complied with; and

(b) on and from the date of re-registration stated in the certificate, the company is registered under this Act.

210 Rules of re-registered company

(1) When an existing company is re-registered:

(a) its articles of association of continue as the rules of the company for the purposes of this Act and to the extent that its articles of association adopt all or any of the articles set out in Table A of Schedule 1 of the Companies Act [CAP 191], those Articles are deemed to be incorporated in the rules of the company; and

(b) all shares issued by the existing company before re-registration are deemed to be converted into shares of no par value but that conversion does not affect the rights and obligations attached to the shares, and in particular does not affect:

(i) the entitlements of the holder of the shares in respect of distributions, voting, the redemption of any redeemable shares, or the distribution of surplus assets of the company in a liquidation;

(ii) any unpaid liability of a shareholder in respect of a share.

(2) Despite section 23 and anything in the articles of association of the existing company, the holder of a share at the time of re-registration is personally liable for any liability (including a liability for calls) attached to the share and, in the event of a transfer of the share after re-registration, that liability remains with the shareholder at the time of re-registration, and does not pass to the transferee of the share.

**(3) An existing company may resolve to adopt the model rules in Schedules 1, 2, 3, or 4 as its rules on re-registration under this Act.

(4) An existing company may resolve to adopt new rules that differ from the model rules upon re-registration under this Act.

211 Other transitional and savings provisions

(1) Without limiting anything in the Interpretation Act [CAP 132] this Act does not apply to or affect:

(a) a company where demand under paragraph 225(a) of the Companies Act [CAP 191] has been served prior to the commencement of this Act;

(b) an application to the Court for the winding up of a company made prior to the commencement of this Act;

(d) a resolution of a company for voluntary winding up passed prior to the commencement of this Act;

(e) an order made by the Court under Part VI of the Companies Act [CAP 191] prior to the commencement of this Act;

(f) a company that has been dissolved under the Companies Act [CAP 191];

(g) a notice given by the Registrar to a company, prior to the commencement of this Act, to strike off the company from the register under section 335 of the Companies Act [CAP 191];

(h) a company struck off the register under section 335 of the Companies Act [CAP 191] :

(i) a penalty or amount payable to the Registrar by a company under the Companies Act [CAP 191] .

(2) Any rules or regulations made under the Companies Act [CAP 191], remain in force, with all necessary modifications, and apply to the matters set out in subsection (1) as if the Companies Act [CAP 191] had not been repealed and as if those rules and regulations had not been revoked.

212 Commencement

This Act commences on the day on which it is published in the Gazette.

Disclaimer

Although we use our best efforts to keep the information of this site accurate and up-to-date, we make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy, applicability, fitness, or completeness of the contents of this website. We disclaim any warranties expressed or implied, merchantability, or fitness for any particular purpose. We shall in no event be held liable for any loss or other damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. The contents of this website are just for illustrative purposes and are NOT to be considered as a legal opinion or tax advice and should not be relied upon as such. Far Horizon Capital Inc., and any associated company, is not engaged in the practice of law or tax. If you wish to receive a legal opinion or tax advice on the matter(s) in this website please contact our offices and we will refer you to an appropriate legal practitioner. Use of our websites FlagTheory.com, Incorporations.io, Residencies.io, Passports.io, is subject to our terms and conditions.